Candide by Voltaire Essay

1) What is the relationship between Candide’s adventures and Pangloss’s teachings? In Candide, we see lives filled with struggles and tragedy. Although Candide witnessed and fell victim to worldly evils of cruelty and suffering, he maintained his optimistic views through much of the novel. Candide picked up this idea of optimism through Pangloss’s teachings. Although he did not see any good reasons to disbelieve Pangloss’s teachings while living in the Baron’s castle, once in the outside world, Candide experiences many tragic events that make him, and the reader, question the philosophy of optimism. Candide’s adventures, starting when he is kicked out of the Barons castle, clearly represented an imperfect world, full of atrocities that contradicted Pangloss’s teachings. The events that break apart Pangloss’s teachings begin almost immediately when Candide is thrown in the streets to live on his own. He runs into recruiting officers of the King of Bulgars. They have him toast to the health of their king, but then beat Candide severely and put irons on his legs. Luckily though, the king comes by and tells them to spare Candide since he is innocent. Soon after that, Candide witnesses an awful, bloody battle between two armies. This horrible spectacle shows us how hateful and violent people are in this world. Later, he finds a beggar who turns out to be Pangloss. Pangloss shares some of the horrible things he had been put through and that Candide’s one and only love had been raped and her entire family had been murdered when the Baron’s castle had been taken over. Once with Pangloss, he has many new adventures. While out at sea with Pangloss and Jacques, a violent storm occurred and destroyed their ship. Many innocent passengers are killed including Jacques, who died saving a sailor. The innocent passengers’ deaths disprove Pangloss’ theory since it appeared the bad that came out of the shipwreck led to nothing good for them; instead, only brought them to their deaths. When the sailor, Pangloss, and Candide get into Lisbon, an earthquake destroys most of the city. A  tidal wave also crushes ships in the port. In an effort to prevent another earthquake, wise men take ridiculous actions against the slightest wrongdoing. Candide and Pangloss end up getting arrested. Pangloss is hanged and Candide is beaten badly. The ridiculous actions taken place prove to be futile when another earthquake erupts the next day. All of the bad that came from the first earthquake provided no good. Pangloss had been hung for no reason and Jacques, a good man, had died from the storm out at sea. The reader is left wondering how these horrible events could result in a greater good. Candide finds that God might have spared one place on earth, El Dorado. He finds this seemingly perfect city, yet does not want to stay because is still in love with Cunegonde. The king gives him and Cacambo a few sheep and some gold. This portion of the story brings a little light, yet the whole world cannot be like El Dorado, and people who do live in perfect worlds cannot even appreciate it because they have nothing to compare the high points against. Since life is always perfect, they live in lethargic boredom and cannot truly appreciate how well off they truly are. We also see times of happiness and good fortune that restore Candide’s faith in optimism throughout the book. Such periods include when we find Pangloss survived, and the points in the book when Candide and Cunegonde get to be together, even for short amounts of time. Towards the end of the story, Candide begins to question Pangloss’ philosophy more and more. Although we find events that support optimism, we find more counterexamples. Although Pangloss and the Barons son are found alive, they tell Candide their escapes from death, and the tortures they had been put through afterwards. Soon after they free Pangloss and the Baron’s son from slavery, the men go and find Cunegonde, the woman Candide had been searching to live with and love for his entire life. When they do find her, she is extremely ugly and Candide no longer wants to marry her. Although he is no longer attracted to her, he is a man of his word and feels he must do his duty to take care of her and love her. Now, he is stuck with a woman he no longer lusts over. Candide has finally found what he had been sacrificing for all of his life to find, yet is not satisfied with what he has acquired  for his hard work. Throughout the entire story of Candide, we are bombarded with horrendous events that happened to an individual to disprove Pangloss’s teachings. Candide’s adventures encountered such atrocities as murder, rape, slavery, and prostitution. The bad events that occur in Candide, help show that the world is not perfect, and that not everything happens for the greater good in the end. Candide’s adventures, great in number, show us how bad others lives turned out as well as their friends and families lives were hurt as well, such as the old woman. In the end, Candide finally realizes that optimism is not a flawless philosophy, and that the idea of working hard and enjoying life is better than waiting around for the good you think will happen. Candide’s adventures helped to contradict optimism and ultimately changed Candide’s beliefs from optimism to a realization of reality. Candide begins to live a simple life, working hard to avoid boredom, vice, and pov erty.

Essay of the Ideology and Social Base of Bharatiya Janata Party Essay

The Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) was formally launched as an independent political organisation in February 1980, after the split of the Janata Party on the R.S.S issue. Most of east while Jana Sangha members along with a few others, left the Janata Party to form the B.J.P. Thus the B.J.P. is a reincarnation of the Jana Sangha, the militant Hindu nationalist party founded in 1951 by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. The object of the Jana Sangha was the rebuilding of Bharat as a modern, democratic society in accordance with religious precepts. The party adopted four fundamentals one country, one nation, one culture and a rule of law that would determine its future course of action Nehru described the party as its â€Å"Illegitimate child.† Professor Rasheeduddin Khan has rightly remarked, â€Å"The BJP has prints of continuity with the Jana Sangha, in its discipline and well knit organisational set up and units linkage with the traditional Hindus socio-cultural organisations, the RSS a nd the VTTP.† Support Base: The BJP’s support base is essentially the same as that of the erst while Jana Sangha. It is a party of the urban educated Hindu middle classes professionals, small businessmen and white collar workers. In Gujarat, Maharashtra, Delhi and Rajasthan BJP is the ruling party with charismatic leaders like Suresh Meheta, Gopinath Mundle, Mandas Lai Khurana and Bhairon Singh shekhawat. But BJP’s most impressive performance was in Karnataka, U.P. and Gujarat in 1991 election. In all these states the BJP vote went up by over 20%. Gujarat represents the BJP’s most spectacular showing. Electoral Performance: In 1967, the party gave its full support to the SVD ministry in U.P headed by Charan Singh and it had 98 members in the Vidhan Sabha. In 1977, with 98 of its men in parliament under the Janata banner it received only three cabinet ministership. In 1980 the party backed Jagajivan Ramand in 1983 with their 18 members in the Karnataka legislature the BJP supported R.K. Hegde who was then of a minority The BJP bore V.P. Singh on its shoulders after he formed the Jana Morcha. In 1984 during its worst showing only 2 Lok Sabha seats it still polled 7.4% of the national votes ahead of the Janata’s 6.7 percent and the Lok Dai’s 5.6. Ideology and Programme: The BJP believes in Gandhian socialism. The party says that its socialism is inspired not only bi Gandhi and JP but also by a Deen Dayal Upadhyaya. It stands for positive secularism and clean government while laying emphasis! on the ‘Hindus Idiom’ on its poll manifesto, the party stands for justice for all and appeasement of none. Policy of reservations for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes apply the same policy to the backward castes broadly in line with the recommendation of the Mandal Commission. The party also favours smaller and stronger states desires to abolish Article 370, favours uniform civil code and would like to establish Human Rights Commission. BJP – RSS Relationship: The Jana sangh has been closely associated with the RSS. The RSS has served as the organizational base for the party. The BJP being its successor, what type of relationship it has with the RSS? The official stand of the BJP and the RSS is that those are two separate organizations working in two different -fields. Besides they do not interfere in each others work. But an over whelming majority of the BJP workers have RSS background. Therefore a large number of people think that the two organizations belong to the one and some family. Even the BJP has reaffirmed its RSS link. It seems this link as vital to its newly emphasized commitment to national unity since it believes that the RSS’s patriotism is unmatched. It is’ in fact proud of its link with RSS. The BJP is now being viewed as an alternative to the century partoes that have so far had a monopoly on power.

Henry Fayol Father of Modern Management Essay

Present management practices and theories have evolved from classical management theory created by organisation pioneers, and one such influential pioneer was Henri Fayol. Henri began his career as an engineer in a large French mine and eventually succeeded to become the director, here he realised the lack of resources available to managers for developing management practices. Fayol’s did not believe in the old ideas of an individual born to rule, he believed that an employee needs to be motivated and among many other things, money is an important variable in motivation. He also said that managers should keep the morale of his employees high and keep them motivated so they can perform at their best. Fayol believed that by focusing on management practises he would minimise misunderstanding and increase efficiency in organisations and started synthesising his 14 principles of management, which are considered as the foundation and essential references for present management practices and theories. Fayol’s principles of management are still widely used in organisations by management to perform day to day tasks and other functions. His 14 principals acknowledged the importance of management hierarchy and key management process in any organisation. These principles are as follows (Study mode, 2013): 1)Specialisation of labour. Specialising encourages continuous improvement in skills and the development of improvements in methods. 2)Authority. The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. 3)Discipline. No slacking, bending of rules. 4)Unity of command. Each employee has one and only one boss. 5)Unity of direction. A single mind generates a single plan and all play their part in that plan. 6)Subordination of Individual Interests. When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about. 7)Remuneration. Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the company can get away with. 8)Centralization. Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are made from the top. 9)Scalar Chain (line of authority). Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization. 10)Order. All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there. 11)Equity. Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment) 12)Personnel Tenure. Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers. 13)Initiative. Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen. 14)Esprit de corps. Harmony, cohesion among personnel. Out of the 14, the most important elements are specialization, unity of command, scalar chain, and, coordination by managers (an amalgam of authority and unity of direction). All of these principles have an influence in today’s management practices but it would seem that three of these play a major role modern management thought and practice. The three being: 1)Authority  2)Unity of direction 3)Remuneration â€Å"Authority† in classic management laid the foundation for present day company structures and practices, which helps present day management with hierarchy within organisations ensuring competent day to day operations between general staff and management. â€Å"Unity of direction† is practised as one the most important aspect of management and general staff today, where almost every successful business has a vision for future of their organisation and how each employee and their roles contribute towards the success of this vision. In order for any organisation to achieve their goals (vision), managers today ensure that they employ staffs who are most suitable to the available roles, herein comes â€Å"remuneration†, where managers offer employees fair payment and benefits for their services. This ensures that both parties (managers and employees) are satisfied with the outcome of employment. Fayol’s main contribution to present day management thought & practise will have to be the use of his experiences and observations to create a body of knowledge that included his 14 principles as guide to thinking and practise and elements of management as a description of the functions managers perform to this day. Fayol also brought to attention what he believed to be the relative importance of technical and managerial abilities of employees of different levels of authorities. This demonstrates that employees at worker level need more technical ability but as the move up the â€Å"scalar chain† the importance of managerial ability increase as the importance of technical ability decreases. Fayol’s observation paved the path to managerial studies and gave importance to having the properly trained/educated employee at different levels of the organisation. Fayol was also the first person to identify and describe the elements of a manager’s job and he labelled these elements as planning, organising, command, coordination and control. These elements formed what is known as the â€Å"management process†, this management process help determine what is required from managers and what practises shall be observed by managers. These elements are still key factors in present day manager’s role and responsibilities. The classical management theory of administrative approach concentrates on the total organisation where the emphasis is on the development of managerial principles rather than trying to find the best way to get the most done. This theory evolved mainly from the contributions of Henri Fayol, which were his 14 principles of management. These principles provide modern-day managers with general guidelines on how a supervisor should organize their department and manage their staff. Classical management theory is an approach to organizing that values productivity, the precision and efficiency that result from a division of labour, a hierarchical chain of command, and tight discipline. Fayol’s principle of division of work defines that work should be divided among individuals and groups to ensure that effort and attention are focused on special portions of the task. Fayol presented work specialization as the best way to use the human resources of the organization, from this definition it can be seen that Henri Fayol has made a major contribution with his principle of division of labour to the foundation and structure of classical management practices and theory. Henri Fayol’s synthesis of the 14 principles of management made very important contributions to classical management theory and practices. His perception of division of work evolved and helped define classical management. Fayol’s principles are still practised today by organisations, his ideas can be seen in modern day ideology of management through practises such as staff hierarchy (Division of labour), department managers and board members (Authority), company visions and ideas (Unity of directions) and salary packages including benefits and bonuses(Remuneration). It is obvious that Fayol’s ideas and principles are still in practice today and he can truly be called the father of modern management theory.

Intercultural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Intercultural Communication - Essay Example What I have learned during the course on intercultural communication is that in today’s world of growing contacts in every part has resulted in effective communication among the people of different languages and cultures. In this present scenario, communication has got to be as positive as possible without any possibilities of breakdowns and misunderstandings. I believe that research on the characteristics of languages and similarities and differences in cultures will provide a definite outcome (Nasreen, â€Å"Some Views about Intercultural Communication†). The above pictures show the eating styles of two different cultures: the Western and the Arabic. In the Arabic countries, people dine in a different style than that of the people in England. In Arab countries, a carpet is first put on the floor where the people wish to dine. Then cushions are set on the carpet for the people to sit on. Instead of cushions, at times small stools are used for the purpose of sitting. Then placing the plates, glasses, cups and dishes on the carpet, they start dining (Fairfax Country Public School, â€Å"Arabic Upper Levels > Scientific and Creative Advancement†). In England, people eat in continental style where knives are placed in the right side and fork in the left. Moreover, there are number of eating etiquettes that they follow while dining in England. These etiquettes are taken as a rule of eating in England and the people put much emphasis to the table manners during dining (Barrow, â€Å"Acceptable Behaviour in England†). During our semester, I came across students of various cultures and groups and developed friendship with them in due course of time. When we used to have dinner in any of our Arabic friends’ place, we used to dine in the floor in their traditional manner. The dining style of my English friends was not new as this was considered as the standard style in the world. By

Samsung's International Business Research Paper

Samsung's International Business - Research Paper Example Samsung is one of the largest manufacturers that are semiconductors. In South Korea, Samsung is the largest electronics company that dominates the electronic market in the country and its neighbors. The ability to dominate in the area was as a result of the high quality products that the company produced. The products were of great quality hence their increased demand (Davis and Guy 67). Being able to evenly dominate the electronic markets in the locality, the company has gained the loyalty from the customers thus being much easier for it to earn more profit that has propelled its extension to the rest of the world. Dominance of the company’s electronics especially the mobile phones bring about the growth and the development of the company’s brand name (Hill and Karen 89). Through the creation of an adverse environment for its products the company can now efficiently undertake its product manufacture without worries of whom; to be the consumers as they already has an existing market. In promoting the international business, the company has established various marketing strategies that have made it much more effective to operate in the foreign countries. The company’s ability to set several subsidiary companies is one of the greatest achievements in promoting international business. The subsidiaries found in most of the countries where they find it conducive to manufacture and assemble their products. The availability of skilled labor, raw materials and market are the major criteria used in selecting the suitable geographical location to set up their branch. The branches help in the satisfaction of customers in the different localities all over the world. Through the branches, the customer satisfaction is  usually attained. This is because; the clients can easily and efficiently get the products of their choice hence enhancing their loyalty through the

Argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 9

Argument - Essay Example Nuclear power is the world’s best and first answer to the problem of the exhaustion of resources. Above that it is ecologically clean when used properly. Besides that atomic energy serves for military purposes as a nuclear weapon of mass destruction. Despite the fact of its massive ability to destroy everything living it is the political mechanism of the future which guarantees world peace and logical avoidance of any local conflicts on the theoretical basis of nuclear deterrence and mutual asserted destruction (Edwards, 2013). Opponents of the nuclear energy and its military usage ignore the benefits and fear the danger of nuclear holocaust and worldwide ecological catastrophe in the future if nuclear power will continue to exist. They say that benefits don’t exceed the harm and it is better to continue injuring nature slowly thought fossil fuel energy than put it in jeopardy of probable total annihilation with atomics energy. More than that ecological harm from the atomic accidents not only overcomes the usual pollution but bring whole generations of unproductive land, humans and animals with diseases and low immune system all because of the radioactive pollution. Above that they state that nuclear weapon in the hands of government that behave in a rough way is not a responsible way to treat such serious issue due to the political corruption and instability that so often shows itself. They state that political differences and dissidence of countries which possess nuclear weapon can lead to the nuc lear war which will annihilate and destroy the planet. Same opponents say that slow harm to the nature by the non-nuclear energy plants is better than the probability of total devastation. The also point out that disastrous events such as Chernobyl and Fukushima are the examples that prove people’s inability to treat atomic energy with responsibility and that it can lead to further even more disastrous nuclear

United States Assistive Technology Act of 1998 Essay

United States Assistive Technology Act of 1998 - Essay Example The third issue concerns the protection, coordination and promotion of the established program within the stated jurisdiction. In addition, since funding may be susceptible to abuse, the act establishes the checks and balances of ensuring proper management and use of availed funds. The 1998 act is majorly concerned with the provision of technical support for the persons with disability in the country so that they are able to perform their tasks and efficiently dispose off their daily activities. This is based on the fact that with new technology the disabled should not be left behind, but accorded the best alternatives of handling tasks through the facilitation of information dissemination and training programs for other personnel related to the program. The act also calls for coordination between the federal government and states agencies for the implementation of this program. Since the area of educational facilities and learning materials was the most affected, the act was mainly facilitated by the federal department of education (Watson, 2007). Persons with disabilities in the country have long been faced with challenges for the access of physical infrastructure like buildings besides not being able to access certain services like proper education. With the advancement in technology, it has been a challenge for the physically disabled to cope with innovation. The act is, therefore, established to take advantage of modern technology to enhance and support activities of th e disabled and reverse the trend where new technology poses a challenge to most disabled individuals. The policy maker was concerned because technological change is also a major driver for economic development of the country. For instance, it is notable that in the education sector alone, about over 10% of the enrolled undergraduates as of the year 2004 were disabled (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2005). The political motives and implications behind this program were varied. As a key component, the act serves the purposes of ensuring that the right of equitable access to facilities and services by the disabled members of the population is guaranteed. The policy implications is that the program required that the institutions of learning and other sector administrators develop appropriate frameworks for the facilitation of the assisted programs for the benefit of persons with disabilities. Engineering designs for the various information and technology tools are also to b e designed taking into account the usability of these individuals. The act also requires equal representation of all the stakeholders related to the issues of the assistive technology as composed in the advisory council of the act. The process of establishing this act can be traced back to the year 1987 when there was push for the establishment of policy in the aid of assisting the persons with disability to competently cope with the new technology. The following year, therefore, congress enacted an act to be able to ensure this objective. However, in the recognition that the first act was majorly based on the provision of disability friendly structures and building plans and provision of basic aid materials and implements such as wheel chairs, there was need for review especially to capture the area of technological assistance. It is in the light of