Biased Language Definition and Examples

The term biased language refers to  words  and  phrases  that are considered prejudiced, offensive, and hurtful. Biased language includes expressions that demean or exclude people because of age, sex, race, ethnicity, social class, or physical or mental traits.   Bias in language refers to language that is uneven or unbalanced or not a fair representation, says the University of Massachusetts Lowell, adding that you should strive to avoid bias in writing and speaking because such language may contain â€Å"hidden messages† about the superiority or inferiority of various groups or types of people. Examples of Biased Language Bias  is prejudice toward or unfair characterization of the members of a particular group, says Stacie Heaps writing on  WriteExpress: Bias is so common in speech and writing that we often are not even aware of it. But it is the responsibility of everyone to become conscious of and write without bias. Heaps gives several examples of bias together with alternative (and unbiased) phrasing: Biased Language Alternatives If he is elected, he would be the first person of color in the White House. lf he is elected, he would be the first African-American in the White House. He has had the physical handicap since he was 5 years old. He has had the physical impairment since he was 5 years old. There are many elderly people in our town. There are many senior citizens (or seniors) in our town. Be sensitive to the feelings of the opposite sex, minorities, and special interest groups says  Cengage: Dont emphasize differences by separating society into we and  they by singling out minorities, particular genders, or groups of people such as those with disabilities and senior citizens. How to Avoid Bias in Your Writing Purdue OWL  provides some examples of biased language with alternatives you could use to avoid gender bias: Biased Writing Alternatives mankind humanity, people, human beings man’s achievements human achievements manmade synthetic, manufactured, machine-made the common man the average person, ordinary people man the stockroom staff the stockroom nine manhours nine staff-hours You have to be on guard against bias because it can so easily creep into your writing or speaking, but Cengage says its easy to avoid, as in this example: Before a surgeon can operate,  he  must know every relevant detail or the patients history. Remove the bias with just a simple adjustment: Before operating,  a  surgeon  must know every relevant detail of the patients history. You can just as easily avoid bias in race. Dont say: Attending the meetings were three doctors and an Asian computer programmer. In the example, Asian  is preferred to  Oriental, but why even single out this persons ethnicity? The sentence did not specify the ethnicity of the doctors, who were presumably Caucasian. Examples and Observations Be on guard for these types of bias in writing and speaking: Age:  Avoid derogatory or condescending terms associated with age. Little old lady can be rephrased as a  woman in her 80s, while an immature adolescent is better described as a teenager or teen.Politics:  In any election campaign, words referring to politics are full of connotations. Consider, for instance, how the word liberal has been used with positive or negative connotations in various election campaigns. Take care with words and phrases like radical, left-wing, and right-wing. Consider how your readers are expected to interpret these biased words.Religion:  Some older encyclopedia editions referred to devout Catholics and fanatical Muslims. Newer editions refer to both Catholics and Muslims as devout, thus eliminating biased language.  Health and abilities:  Avoid phrases like confined to a wheelchair and victim (of a disease), so as not to focus on differences and disability. Instead, write or say someone who uses a wheelchair and a person with  (a disease). Biased language can defeat your purpose by damaging your credibility, say Gerald  J. Alred, Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu in their Handbook of Technical Writing. They add: The easiest way to avoid bias is simply not to mention differences among people unless the differences are relevant to the discussion. Keep current with accepted usage and, if you are unsure of the appropriateness of the expression or the tone of a passage, have several colleagues review the material and give you their assessments. As you write and speak, remember that biased language insults the person or group to which it is applied, say  Robert DiYanni and Pat C. Hoy II in their book, The Scribner Handbook for Writers. When you use biased language—even inadvertently—you denigrate others, creating division and separation, they say. So, strive to use unbiased language, and you will show that as a speaker or writer, you are including all potential members of your audience without segregating and referring pejoratively to a select few.

Howard Zinn Chapter One Essay - 663 Words

Columbus has always been portrayed as an enlightened, peaceful explorer who â€Å"discovered† a new world, and became friends with the native people. Howard Zinn’s view on Columbus’s encounter with the natives is an entirely different perspective. Zinn describes Columbus as a man who is willing to torture and kill others to be able to accomplish what he wants; in this case he wanted to obtain gold and other resources to take back with him to Spain. When Columbus and his men arrived to the islands, he noticed that the natives were generous, and accommodating because they willingly traded everything they owned and brought them such things like: food, water, and gifts. Since the beginning the natives offered all of their hospitality to Columbus†¦show more content†¦He became desperate to pay the dues back to the king and queen, so he order every native older than fourteen to collect a certain quantity of gold by three months. Once they had collected the amo unt, they would receive a copper to put around their neck, those without it had their hands cut off and bled to death. Many felt it was impossible to do this, and tried escaping but were always found and killed. When it was finally clear that there was no gold left, they took them all as slave labor to huge estates which are called encomiendas. Columbus’s big plan for Hispaniola since the beginning was to take advantage of the natives and take their land, and the gold he believed was located there. He built the first fort in the Western Hemisphere, and left some of his men to find and store gold there. Columbus had to ask for a little more help from their majesties, he convinced them by saying he would take them â€Å"as much gold as they need ... and as many slaves as they ask† (Zinn,6 ) Columbus’s plans affected the natives, in many ways; first of all they were going to lose their land, and also they were going to be taken captive for slave labor. Howard Zinn not only introduced a new perspective on Christopher Columbus, but he changed the way I viewed things. I never knew how much killings, and torture was put upon the natives in the searching of the â€Å"New World†. I learned how the hero I thought Columbus was, in reality was more like a villain. He didn’tShow MoreRelatedHistorical Contridictions in Slavery1494 Words   |  6 Pagestimes and dates, hence popular historians such as Howard Zinn, Paul Johnson, and Stanley Elkins twist historical events in slavery to promote their ideologies. Within Howard Zinn’s A People’s History of the United States, slavery is used as a provocateur, to persuade and create an assumption that the U.S government did not care about equal rights for black people. In the chapter titled Slavery without Submission, Emancipation without Freedom, Zinn immediately uses the cruelty of the slaves, to proveRead MoreAnalysis of A People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn696 Words   |  3 Pagesenlightening read. It both teaches and inspires. Howard Zinn has offered us a perspective of the real story of American history heretofore unavailable to us – history from the perspective of real people – immigrant laborers, American women, the working poor, factory workers, African and Native Americans. A Peoples History of the United States, originally published in 1980, as a work of non-fiction by the political scientist and American historian, Howard Zinn. Zinn seeks to show us American history throughRead MoreAnalysis Of Howard Zinn s The United States 1224 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There is an underside to every age about which history does not often speak, because history is written from records left by the privileged.† ― Howard Zinn, A People s History of the United States Zinn once remarked, â€Å"Objectivity is impossible and it is also undesirable. That is, if it were possible it would be undesirable, because if you have any kind of a social aim, if you think history should serve society in some way; should serve the progress of the human race; should serve justice in someRead MoreA People s History Of The United States2575 Words   |  11 PagesSujay Deshpande Mr. Lifland AP US History 1 August 2015 A People’s History of the United States: By Howard Zinn Chapter 1: Chapter one of Howard Zinn’s A People’s History of the United States discusses the differences between the culture and attitudes of the Europeans and the Native Americans. It further describes how the Europeans came to the New World and committed genocide against the Native Americans in order to get land and gold from them, which displayed the cruelty and greed of the EuropeanRead MoreThe Lies My Teacher Told Me And A People s History Of The United States1691 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant details which introduce the focuses in a lighter manner and leaves the learner asking questions. In their novels, The Lies My Teacher Told Me and A People’s History of the United States, James Loewen and Howard Zinn divulged the missing facts that textbooks omit. Loewen and Zinn highpoint the important facts that people were not exposed to in the textbooks or other novels. In the case of young children, it is understandable for teachers to leave out such facts and only promote what is relevantRead More Howard Zinns A Review of A People’s History of The United States1212 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom 1492-present. It is a view of history from the common man’s perspective, rather than the view of the leaders and upper class of this country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book revolves around the views of history from the oppressed point of view. Howard Zinn makes it clear from the beginning that he will value the views and experiences of the oppressed over the view of the oppressor. He describes the conquest from the point of view of the Native American population. He describes slavery in theRead MoreEssay on Opposition to the Establishment of the American Colonies635 Words   |  3 Pages In this chapter Howard Zinn goes into detail about how the American Revolution was faced with opposition and conflict while trying to establish the Colonies. In spite of the oppositions there was still considerable growth and expansion by the Colonies. Although expansion had taken place, there were some differences between the elites and the poor whites among the Colonies which resulted in them wanting political freedom from Britain. The constant unjust treatment against the poor whites was causingRead MoreChapter 3 of A Peoples History of the United States by Howard Zinn614 Words   |  3 PagesPoor people had always been the backbone of the U.S. Their contribution to building America has always been overlooked. Rich people look upon the lower class with distaste, calling the unfortunate ones, â₠¬Å"savages.† This is why Zinn named Chapter 3 of his book, â€Å"People’s History,† â€Å"Persons of Mean and Vile Conditions.† He wanted to shed light on those who were taken advantage of while history was in the making— the slaves, the poor people, the Indians also known as the â€Å"persons of Mean and Vile ConditionsRead MoreI Consider Myself A Great Patriot1324 Words   |  6 Pagespatriotic: an American flag t-shirt; red, white, and blue shoes, and even an American themed suit at swim practice. At night, I go to bed in my ‘Murica sheets with Captain America’s shield hanging above my bed. I am a great patriot!! Yeah right. No one wakes up saying this. In fact, all of it is entirely made up (except for the Captain America’s shield part). Thus, if it makes so little sense for everything that I do to be purely inspired by patriotism, why do we assume that the founding fathers ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The American Pageant By David Zinn969 Words   |  4 PagesHistory Paper After reading a chapter of The American Pageant by David Kennedy, and a chapter of A Peoples History of the United States by Howard Zinn, they both discuss slavery but in two different contexts. Slavery is a huge part of American history, it has shaped America in ways that are still lasting today. Zinn focuses more on the hardships of the slaves from the shipment, through the cruel work. Kennedy tends to focus more on the trade of slaves and how it shaped the settlers. Zinns

Fourth Industrial Revolution Free Essays

Fourth industrial revolution has started talking since 1999 (Abdullah et. al., 2017). We will write a custom essay sample on Fourth Industrial Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now It refers to a further developmental stage in the organization and management of the entire value chain process involved in manufacturing industry (AATC Finance, 2015). The Minister of Communications and Multimedia, Datuk Seri Dr. Salleh Said Keruak, had said that Malaysian society must be prepared to face the fourth industrial revolution and all its challenges to continue develop this country (The Malay Mail Online, 2017 December 15). Datuk Seri Dr. Salleh Said Keruak had mentioned that Industry 4.0 would bring important changes to the traditional media industry when people no longer needed the newspaper and started use the smart phone and computer to read news (The Malay Mail Online, 2017 December 15). As reported by Researchgate (2015), Malaysians are the welcoming lot in embracing new technologies, such that become one of the active users of application like Whatsapp, Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. According to Schwab (2016), the fourth industrial revolution has the potential to raise global income levels and improve the quality of life for populations around the world. The fourth industrial revolution made change in technologies breakthroughs in connectivity, artificial intelligence, machine learning, internet of things, and other innovative technologies (unicefstories, 2017). As the usage of smart devices, laptops, tablets, and personal computers has expanded, so demand for internet will be increase. According to Ashton (2009), the term Internet of Things (IoT) had created in 1999 by Kevin Ashton, who is the British entrepreneur and innovator. The IoT refers to things connected to the internet that one can access through pervasive technologies (Atzori, Iera, Morabito Nitti, 2012). The IoT enables user to achieve their intentions with the click of a button, giving them complete control of devices and apparatus that will simplify their lives (Abdullah et.al, 2017). The IoT includes all of the devices including some quite intelligent and others quite simplistic, that are now connected to the internet and therefore an overarching infrastructure. According to a recent estimation by McKinsey, the potential economic impact of IoT applications in 2025 is between US$ 3.9 and $11.1 trillion, of which $1.2 to $3.7 trillion is allotted to IoT applications within the factory environment (Zuhlke Gorecky, 2017 Jan 04). According to unicefstories (2017), applications of the internet of things consist of smart home, wearables, smart cities and connected car. The smart home is likely the most popular IoT application because it is the one that is most affordable and readily available to consumers. The wearable is also popular among the users. For example, Apple Watch which is no longer just for telling time, but also enabling text messaging, phone calls, and more. The smart cities refer to the internet of things that has the potential to transform entire cities by solving real problems citizens face each day. With the proper connections and data, the internet of things can solve traffic congestion issues and reduce noise, crime, and pollution. Lastly is connected car. It considers when vehicles are equipped with internet access and can share that access with others, just like connecting to a wireless network in a home or office. For example is like Grab car services that allow customers books car through Grab’s application. In the perspectives of human resource economics, human resource is an important factor for economic development. For example in Japan and Singapore, both countries were mobilizing their human resources by increase the managerial capacity and entrepreneurship and leads to innovation. Japan also implements consensus system known as ‘ringi system’. Ringi system is one of the most important human resource management practices in Japan where decisions are made up with regard to the long term impacts rather than just the immediate short-term impacts. The transformation of the fourth industrial revolution gave impact to human resource economics, thus, changing the economic development in Malaysia. In the future, human labors are no longer use because all the production lines in manufacturing facility will be taken over completely by robots. In the long run, using robots in the production will be sustainable because can minimize errors and save costs. This is called smart factory which are highly effective and efficient in technology. For example is smart watch that is able to give four functions such as tell time, text message, make telephone calls and provide health data (Meola, 2016). The internet of things also intensifies the potential to solve problems which are related to traffic, help reduce noise, crimes and pollution (Abdullah et. al, 2017). Fourth industrial revolution technology helps changing the way we live and work from traditional to modern life. In addition, the future need of human resources in future is important especially in manufacturing sector. But it helps a lot the business sector where supplier can transform their business models from selling a product to providing a managed service. On the other hand, the products become assets that can connect to the internet straight away remotely monitored by the system (Frangos, 2017 Jun 24). In the future, this can help companies to better understand how assets are used, minimized an impact, and better understanding of risk and financial exposure (Frangos, 2017 Jun 24). According to unicefstories (2017), Erica Kochi, the Futures Lead, Office of Innovation, UNICEF had stated that the young people will face these two major challenges: (i) industrialization will die out soon since it belongs to the previous generation, thus, killing the jobs that require skill and (ii) the effort to equip youth with the proper skills will be hampered by the absence or lack of suitable education system. From my opinion, to be a responsible people, we need to prepare young people to be able participate in fourth industrial revolution. Governments, corporations and civil society all must play a role and it requires a dramatically different approach. At the same time, our traditional notions of classrooms and curriculums will need rethinking. How to cite Fourth Industrial Revolution, Papers

Do You Think Bulimia Is A Self-caused free essay sample

Sickness? Or Do You Think Bulimia Isn? t A Illness At All, It Essay, Research Paper Well really binge-eating syndrome is a really serious eating upset which disrupts the ability to keep a? normal? eating form. Person with binge-eating syndrome nervosa becomes progressively unable to associate usually to nutrient and alternatively develops a dependence on a helter-skelter rhythm of bingeing and purge. But what really drives adolescents to gorge or purge or to get down to hunger themselves. Headlines manner super theoretical accounts, the media and all the remainder of it. Some people attribute eating upsets to media and manner it? s stylish in the developed western civilization to be slim. Some people attribute eating upsets to media and manner. It is stylish in the developed western civilization to be slender. This is non possible for everyone, as we are of course all different forms and sizes. Many people who do non conform to the ideals presented by the manner industry or the media feel that they demand to diet. For some people this may non show a job while for others it can take them to develop an feeding upset. The media can besides intensify jobs for people, who already have eating jobs, as it is really hard to acquire better while you are being presented with images of desirable thin models. ? These desirable thin theoretical accounts non merely expression but most of them are in fact unhealthy. Bing beautiful is non to flex down and see the liner of your vertebrae being shown. Or for person to brush past you and your hyperbole to fall over is so extrovert because you are so visible radiation that the opposing thinks he/she may hold broken a bone in your organic structure. Magazines and it? s content are largely full of music and manner. I carried out a study to see merely how many magazines contain weight loss plans or anything associated with scrawniness. And I am disgusted to happen that 9/10 magazines that were chosen had something to make with acquiring rid of fat, even magazines like T.O.T.P, which is supposed to incorporate strictly music. This attitude towards weight hence it is increased will be a disaster.I quotation mark from one of my surveyors? ? Page 1 100 % verve. Eat your manner to a slim summer. ? Another one? Thermobol take it in concurrence with a reasonable diet and exercising program? ? Does everything hold to make with size? Do all things include weight? I understand that teens want to look their best but is it truly deserving holding your skeletal construction shown raising the possibility that they might acquire an eating upset. Having black dentition because the hydrochloric acid that the tummy produces, which is meant to assist digest nutrient is being brought up and literally hit your dentitions have oning off their enamel is all of this quite worth it? The mean size of a adult female in the twelvemonth 1994 was 14, in 1996 it dropped to a 12 and now in the twelvemonth 200 the mean size of a adult female has become a flooring 10. The sizes are invariably dropping demoing an addition in involvement of the weight adolescent? s think they should be. Now if this drops any further there will be a serious job with teenage wellness. As the per centum of teens really going bulimic or anorectic or involved with some portion of any eating upset has risen by 5 % in the last decennary. What adolescent? s call the perfect figure now in the twelvemonth 200 is a adult female with no chests barely any hips and a level rotter. Which fundamentally is an pressing board ; a individual without any form. The fact of the affair is everybody has their ain weight, size, height etc. each and every one is an single. God made us all unique.

Exploring Section free essay sample

Abstract Since the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 came into effect the South African labour market has undergone numerous changes. Such a consequence is the rise in the number of employees engaged in atypical or non-standard employment. This paper responds in the affirmative to Cheadle’s assertion that the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 provides inadequate protection to vulnerable workers such as non-standard employees. I explore the recent attempts to extend the protection of certain labour and social security laws to some categories of non-standard employees and I recognise their shortcomings. I suggest that senior and middle management employees no longer require statutory protection from unfair labour practices as such protection can be attained through contractual means. I propose that there is presently an urgent need to create a statutory arrangement which affords adequate protection to non-standard workers. 1. Introduction The current South African labour legislation is one which affords too much protection to those who do not need it and far too little to those who require it most. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring Section or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In his paper Cheadle explores the consequences of the changes to the labour market since 1994 and recognises that the current conceptual structure has failed to accommodate these changes. The first source for reform is that there is â€Å"a huge protection hole – casual workers are not protected, informal workers are not protected, marginalised workers are not protected. † This results from the changes undergone by the labour market and the fact that the current remedies for unfair labour practices in the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 have â€Å"never been subject to careful scrutiny†. The most effective response to this problem is a re-evaluation of the current labour legislation. Cheadle’s main argument is that there is no longer a need to protect the working class against unfair labour practices as they are able to protect themselves through contractual means. I concur with Cheadle’s affirmations and in strengthening my argument I focus firstly on the brief history and development of the concept of an unfair labour practice. Through this exploration I evidence how the lack of proper scrutiny of unfair labour practices has resulted in an ill conceived provision. I argue that the current labour legislation does not extend protection to non-standard workers this based on the fact that protection rarely goes beyond the employment relationship. I further argue that if middle and senior employees can contractually negotiate â€Å"their hours of work and rights to any payment for overtime work† then surely this is possible for purposes of unfair labour practices. 2. Origins of unfair labour practices The first observation made by Cheadle is that the ‘jurisprudence relating to the individual employment relation was fully codified in respect to dismissal but only roughly codified in respect of the residue. † Cheadle questions the lack of scrutiny applied to the definition of section 186(2) and argues that there is a need to revise and reconsider the practicality of unfair labour practices listed in section 186(2) of the LRA. The idea of unfair labour practice was first introduced into the South African labour law by the Industrial Conciliation Amendment Act. Under The Industrial Conciliation Amendment Act unfair labour practice was widely defined follows: â€Å"any labour practice which in the opinion of the industrial court is an unfair labour practice. † This wide definition was a mechanism intended to protect white workers against â€Å"less favourable conditions of employment in the face of an extension to black workers of access to occupations previously reserved for whites. † Because of this wide definition the legislature was obliged to intervene and in 1980 the concept of an unfair labour practice was more comprehensively defined. The protection regarding the right to strike, refusal to negotiate in good faith, selective dismissal or re-employment, and the use of derogatory language were then built in to the jurisprudence. However this was considered a rather strange jurisprudence as it governed both individual employment relationships and collective bargaining relationships. By 1995, in devising the Labour Relations Act, the unfair labour practices were built into the Act by way of the whole portfolio of organisational rights. The LRA was then negotiated and a set of transitional provisions relating to unfair labour practice where deferred until the Basic Conditions of Employment Act would be dealt with. When the time came the drafters failed to incorporate unfair labour practices and it was left as a transitional provision. It was finally incorporated through the 2002 amendments, where as Cheadle states, â€Å"a couple of words were changed† and it now constitutes the body of the statute known as a â€Å"charter for middle and top management. The history of unfair labour practice therefore strengthens the argument for the need to re-view the current legislation and to align it with the protection of vulnerable workers. 3. Regulated flexibility One of the underpinnings of the Labour Relations Act is the concept of regulated flexibility. Cheadle explains that in formulating the LRA the focus was channelled at achieving â€Å"efficiency, productivity and adaptability, but within the parameters or th e limits of protection. This ties in with the concept of labour market flexibility which gives rise to â€Å"new types† of employment which include but not limited to, â€Å"non-permanent employment for instance fixed-term and part-time work, through labours broker, tele-work, seasonal work, student jobs, working from home, self-employment and subcontracted work. † The current position is that there is insufficient statutory protection for workers employed in a typical work. Difficulty is further encountered in that the protection afforded under collective agreements does not extend to these forms of employment. Employers’ attempts to avoid protective labour legislation and restraints of the traditional employment relationship have also contributed to the rise in atypical employment. This constitutes the crux of the discussion in that law reform should rather shift its focus from increasing regulation to the achievement of labour market flexibility in order to adapt to the changing economic environment as well as to extend the protection under labour legislation to marginalised workers. 4. Contract of Employment and the â€Å"protection whole† The contract of employment creates a standard form of employment. It is the source from which protection and social security afforded under South African labour law is derived. According to the definition of employee in the LRA and BCEA this would mean that workers employed in a typical or non standard employment are ultimately excluded from the protection afforded under current labour legislation. Despite the wide definition of employee in that it includes â€Å"any other person who in any manner assists in carrying on or conducting the business of an employee†, non-standard workers such as part-time workers or home workers are still not protected by current labour laws. Cheadle argues that the reason labour law legislation does not extend protection to these non-standard worker is based on the history of labour law and the contract of employment. He makes an interesting argument in that the link to the contact of employment must be severed so as to accommodate any worker who works in a sector irrespective of the existence of a contract of employment. I fail to see the rationale behind this assertion. Cleansing the labour legislation of the employment contract would only open up the flood gates for unwarranted litigation and confusion as this is the only source for structure and order. Rather than tearing down well serving structures law reform should rather work on incorporating protective provisions into the legislative framework. A recommendation made by Mathias Nyenti is that trade unions should become more actively involved in extending protection to non-standard workers. However, trade unions are of two minds, on the one hand there is the need to promote the working conditions of non-standard workers but on the other is the fear that supporting labour flexibility will only increase non-standard employment and potentially corrode their support base. . Anti working class law? The next argument made by Cheadle and perhaps the most controversial is that, it has become unnecessary to protect middle and top management against unfair labour practices. The assertion is that these categories of workers can protect themselves through contractual means or otherwise through the common law. However, I question whether the common law is adequately equipped to deal with fai rness in the workplace? For instance, if an employee is presented with a situation where there is no contractual rrangement in place providing for promotional prospects, such an employee cannot claim that the employer acted unfairly in not promoting that an employee. Cheadle further argues that there â€Å"is no need for the judicial regulation of the selection decisions (hiring, training, promotion) and those aspects of discipline short of dismissal (suspension, demotion and other disciplinary measures). † In his breakdown of statutory unfair labour practice Cheadle first addresses the issue of recruitment and hiring and questions the reasoning behind its exclusion from the list of unfair labour practices. He concludes that the legislation has put mechanisms in place to protect against victimisation, discrimination, and corrupt appointments and those should therefore constitute the parameters in which the legislation should operate. Simply put legislation should not interfere with the operational personnel decisions of the employer. The issue of promotion is an interesting one. Cheadle questions why senior and middle management are given the right to challenge a promotion whereas this has never been a problem for ordinary workers. This mirrors the position in appointment and hiring. Which brings us back to the questiondo senior and middle management really need such protection? The next unfair practice is the issue of demotion and I question why such a practice is regulated because as Cheadle asserts one cannot be demoted without their consent. If a worker is given an alternative between demotion and dismissal and the worker refuses to be demoted, that can be challenged under the law of dismissal. â€Å"Cheadle’s argument is therefore not for greater inclusion but rather an acknowledgement of the remedies and relief under existing common law and contract law. 6. Business perspective From a business perspective it is argued that an increase in labour market flexibility will attract foreign investment resulting in high employment levels and the mitigation of poverty. The argument is that over-regulated labour markets tend to have the opposite effect, reducing global engagement and the prospect of employment. â€Å"However, trade unions believe that govern ment needs to protect its vulnerable workers against exploitation if it is to achieve its social transformation objectives. † 7. Conclusion The recent changes in the labour market have thrown vulnerable workers in a â€Å"protection hole† and the current labour legislation unfortunately fails to remedy this position. The bottom-line is that labour reform should be focused on protecting those employees who need protection the most such as workers in atypical employment. There is a great need not only for legislative reform but also reform of the institutions which implement the legislation such as the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration. While I am in agreement with Cheadle’s assertions on the most part, the suggestion that the employment contract should be done away with is a highly controversial and one which I do not agree with. One provision which should be reviewed or even removed however is one which offers unwarranted protection to senior and middle employees who are able to protect themselves through contractual means. Section 186 no longer has a place in the legislative framework and should either be re-evaluated to include vulnerable workers or removed in its entirety. Bibliography Books Van Jaarsveld et al 2001 LAWSA 8

Leadership within the organization effective learning processes

Leadership within the organization effective learning processes Introduction The decisions made by leaders determine the success of an organization; they have the role of mentoring and creating a learning environment to enhance the performance of their teams.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Leadership within the organization: effective learning processes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main difference between a leader and a manager is that leaders lead people while managers manage tasks; with this role, leaders must develop appropriate mechanisms of enhancing learning and staff participation in an organization Muller, J., (Maclean and Biggs, 2009). This paper discusses the most critical areas for leadership within the organization to concentrate on in developing effective learning processes. Creating a positive Organizational culture To have an environment favorable for learning, leaders must create a positive organizational culture that rewards success and efforts of a n employee. When employees have invented or innovated something, the management should recognize them; this will motivate them learn more and innovate others. Within teams, it is area that employees learn a lot amongst and from each other, leaders have the role of developing an orchestrate team that embraces team spirit. This will enhance knowledge and experience sharing that leads to learning of new traits and tactics by employees. The leader should be delegating duties and power effectively to create an urge in his team members to learn and improve their skills. Toyota Motor Corporation has a culture that facilitates learning, the company even has a training institute where its employees can enroll for sponsored course, and this facilitates learning in the organization. Enhancing appropriate human resources practice Organizations with a well-structured human resources management enhance a learning experience, employees in such organizations are highly motivated and they have the w ill to develop themselves through learning process. Human resources has the role of creating numerous training programs as demanded by the organization; team leaders has the role of advising the human resources on the trainings they will facilitate, this will enhance the growth of learning spirit in the organization.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Zappos shoe company has been successful in the business because of its effectively managed human resources; the internal customers enjoy some benefits which include are free medical care and lunches, free vending-machines, fully equipped-free library and a nap room; the policies aims at developing team spirit that facilitates learning of new tricks and tactics (Zappos Official Website, 2011). Involvement of team members in decision-making An efficient leader should involve his team in decision-making. Leaders have t he role of implementing strategies, entrepreneurial and mandated with the role of creating a winning team. Different situations and organization calls for different leadership styles, thus management should ensure that they understand the kind of style that can be implemented in their organization. When team members are involved in decision-making, they get a chance to learn from each other as well as from the leadership (Hornsby Warkeoczeski, 2000). The success of Apple Inc has been attributed to a robust team that is willing to learn and in the process, it has developed numerous inventions and innovations. How organizations should account for the societal aspects affecting organizational learning and knowledge Organizations need to recognize that external factors/forces affect learning and knowledge development in the organization. To ensure that the effect is not negative, an organization needs to have good relationship with the external environment. To create good environment, a company need to be ethical in its processes and adopt corporate social responsibility activities; this will enhance the relationship that the company have with the external environment. Culture within the environment of operation has an effect on an organizational learning and knowledge development, a company should develop culture intelligence programs to reduce the risk of contradicting the culture of internal and external customer, when this is done it will enhance learning within the organization (Meinolf, Ariane, John and Ikujiro, 2003) References Hornsby, T. and Warkeoczeski, L. ,2000. New roles for leaders: A step-by-step guide to competitive advantage. Franklin: Hillsboro Press. Meinolf, D., Ariane, A., John, C. and Ikujiro, N.,2003. Handbook of Organisational Learning and Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Leadership within the organization: effective learning processes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Muller, J., Maclean, R. and Biggs, H., 2009. The impact of a supportive leadership program in a policing organization from the participants perspective. Work, 32(1),Pp. 69-79. Zappos Official Website, 2011. Zappos.com.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History - Essay Example In the 1890 and 1915 elections in the Unite States, the republicans and the democrats joined to draft state laws prohibiting third party candidates from having third names on the ballot in presidential elections. Third party candidates are more likely to win elections easily at the local level which may cost a lot in other aspects of the elections according to Bibby and Schaffner (278). In avoiding this, the American government adopts a unique electoral system of winner-takes-all which allows the domination of two parties only. The third party candidate is said to add more weight on either of the two candidates in an attempt to improve their political agenda after elections. Although these third party candidates rarely emerge as winners, they may have an impact on the elections. For instance they mostly accused with issue of spoiler impact. This is because they it is likely for them expose issues which majority parties may ignore. If the issue is accepted by the voters, the major par ties may adopt it into their party platform. Another impact of third party candidates is that they can be used to pass a protest vote as a type of referendum on a significant issue. This may have the effect of an important issue being voted against due to disagreements between the major parties.

Final Case Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Final Case Report - Essay Example In 2011, the entry of the crystal silicon producers mainly from China has resulted to the reduction in the module costs. In order to face the increase in competition, First Solar has applied new technological approach in order to manufacture solar cells. The case of First Solar revealed the fact that the concerned company has been effective in performing operations competitively owing to cost advantage in using crystal silicon. The key strategic issues identified from the case of First Solar are that the company has faced increased competitions from other producers of solar modules. In addition to this, the entry of Chinese firms in solar industry has been affecting the leadership position enjoyed by First Solar as an individual competitor in the solar industry. In this respect, the competition from other firms had a negative impact on the market share of First Solar (First Solar Inc, 2013). The aim of the essay is to develop strategic planning report for First Solar on the basis of identifying the problems or issues faced for market competition. Furthermore, internal and external analysis of the environment has been conducted with the intention of identifying the threats as well as opportunities for the concerned company. In addition to this, strategies have been developed based on the issues identified using different analytical models that are essential for the success of the company in the long run (First Solar, 2015; First Solar Inc, 2013). First Solar is the global producer and seller of solar modules and uses photovoltaic energy for producing the same. First Solar as one of the renewable energy organizations is devoted to sustainable business practices in order to gain competitive position in the market. The mission statement of the company reveals the objectives of the organization. The mission of First Solar is to provide clean and affordable solar electricity worldwide. In addition to the use of eco efficient solution to generate

Diversity in the work force. HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diversity in the work force. HR - Essay Example (Hubbard) In the modern business context, it is widely considered that the existence of diversity at the workforce and the effective management of such help in augmenting the profit position of the companies. It is seen that the diversified workforce helps in formulating strategies for marketing activities. Moreover, the diversified workforce also helps in citing effective problem-solving techniques. The diversified workforce group also enables the organization to innovate newer products and processes. The above facts are dealt with in an elaborative manner. (Hubbard) The modern practice of trade and commercial activities reflect the effect of globalization in them. It is because due to the restructuring of the communication industry the world has been reduced to a global village. Moreover, the opening up of the markets has led to the business organizations to cater to a large number of customers spread throughout the world. The global image brought about in the firms has greatly helped in increasing of sales and revenue due to widespread business expansion. The Japanese Car Manufacturing companies are becoming conscious of the fact that in United States the women consumers in the automobile segment are fast increasing. Again, the industrial sector focusing on the consumer goods segment is also widely conscious that American population is gradually being filled up with immigrants from several Asian and Latin American nations. Thus, a general advertisement or marketing strategy made for a product or service in America lapses in drawing proper atte ntion from the diversified American population. (Hubbard) The enhancement of the performance parameters of the firm based on revenue generation and profitability is increasingly related to the increased participation of the diversified workforce in problem-solving exercises. It is found that the workforce consisting of people coming

The Friedrich Nietzsches Worldview Philosophy Essay

The Friedrich Nietzsches Worldview Philosophy Essay Each person has a different way of perceiving and interpreting the world. It is his or her worldview that decides his perspective. According to Nancy Cavender, Basic background beliefs make up world views. World views are like lenses that cause us to see the world in a particular way, or like filters through which we process our new ideas or information (26). Worldview not only influences the way someone thinks or sees the world, but also his or her decisions. Therefore, people can figure out someones worldview based on his or her actions, decisions, or ideas. Friedrich Nietzsche, one of the most influential German philosophers, has influenced, impacted, and brought forth new questions for many philosophers to follow. In one of his famous writings, Morality as Anti-Nature, Nietzsche expresses the belief that the church that represents morality negates the value of life and says no to all the desires of life. Based on Nietzsches words and ideas in the work, people can realize that he has a positive outlook on life. Nietzsche believes that to acquire a positive life, people have to live with their passions. According to him, passions are roots of life which are desires by nature. They are found in living things (702). These desires exist as part of who we are; they define us in a way. They can aid us, and they can also harm us. When people embrace our desires, people acknowledge their positive sides and negative sides; they dont hide their evil and they have peace of mind in their life. Due to the damaging side of passion, on the contrary, churches that symbolize morality choose to remove passion to be out of suffering its consequence. As Nietzsche points out, The church fights passion with excision in every sense: its practice, its cure, is castratism which means cutting off sensuality, pride, avarice, vengefulness (702). This implies that the church wants its followers to obey a series of negative enforcements or impossible rules which are against their nature. In other words, the churchs meth od is getting rid of the negative side of passion, the church ready accept to give up good side of passion, and the church wants people to hide their vice. Their method clearly is not successful. As Nietzsche declares that the extreme of the church reaches its climax only when such types lack even the firmness for this radical cure, which suggests that the more extreme the church becomes, the less successful it is (702). Nietzsche also points out the situation of the followers, The most poisonous things against the senses have been said not by the impotent, nor by ascetics, but by the impossible ascetics, by those who really were in dire need of being ascetics (702). This strongly supposes that its followers cannot conform to the set of morals or the rules of the church, not because they are powerless or effortless, but they know that they never can fulfill the impossible requirements. Moreover, it implies the followers are miserable and become mentally self-imposed slaves because t hey are kept in a perpetual state of sin, which can only be remedied by the church. As Nietzsche shows, the churchs way fails because the kind of morality which the church embodies is against the instincts of life (703). All Nietzsches illustrations of the negative method of the church imply that people cannot get a positive life until they are living under the naturalistic morality_the passions that he asserts to be kind of healthy morality (703). Nietzsche also supposes that to live a positive life, people need to possess a power to conquer hindrance. As mentioned above, passions of a person also have negative side; they can drag down their victim with the weight of stupidity (701). In order to harvest the benefits but avoid the stupidity of the passion, Nietzsche suggests that people get over their obstructions by spiritualizing hostility, which he means a profound appreciation of the value of having enemies (702). This clearly implies that people need to possess power to resist their temptation and to tame it or redirect it in a constructive way. Furthermore, he emphasizes another meaning of internal enemy, which means acting and thinking in the opposite way from that which has been the rule (702), such as the rule of the church or the institutions. This will help people liberate themselves from imposed rules or ideas from institutions, find a creative way to make decisions people need to make to get they want for their lif e or to make a difference for their life. Nietzsches positive worldview of life is also reflected in the attitude that people who embrace their own nature need to have a tolerance view to their enemy or their difference. He claims that life contains a rich variety of ways of living, so people need to accept and respect those varieties. As Nietzsche states, We immoralists, have conversely, made room in our hearts for every kind of understanding, comprehending, and approving (705). He He also claims that having an internal enemy will help people to stay young in spirit and open to gain comprehension and approval (705). when people can curb their weakness or their enemies, they will become stronger in spirit and feel pleased with themselves, and more importantly, gain freedom of the will which is the main factor to help us to succeed in life and gain happiness. In short, Life is not about whats right but whats wrong Think The Opposite from Paulo Ferreira

Rainy Mountain :: Essays Papers

Rainy Mountain Summary of â€Å" The Way To Rainy Mountain â€Å" ( Momaday p. 430 ) Momaday, tells the story of his grandmother and how she evolved from a land of her ancestry. She, being one of the few â€Å"belonging to the last culture to evolve in North America† (431). In a descriptive detail, Momaday, portraits the events that takes us on a journey through time before our modernized society had come into existence. A time of survival, rituals, suffering, and extinction. He starts out by setting the scenery of the place where his grandmother lived. A somewhat rigid area of the Southern Plains, where the seasons were of raging intensity. A place in time occupied by his grandmothers people, the Kiowas. A very â€Å"lordly and dangerous society of fighters and thieves, hunters and priest of the sun† (431). They had descended down out of Montana, and â€Å"war was their sacred business, and they were the finest ho rseman the world has ever known† (430). But as time had evolved into the migration of civilization, her people were forced to surrender their way of life to the soldiers. Fortunately, this was before her time. Momadays grandmother, Aho, lived an eventful life amongst her people, bearing stories of her participation in one of the last rituals of the sun-dance, which was interrupted by the soldiers.

Slave Narrative Sarah Garner

HIST 1301 April 13, 2013 Summary of Interview with Sarah Garner Mrs. Sarah was a slave in Westmoreland County, and conducted an interview with Archibald Hill. She describes that she did not have an overseer for her labor, in which he expected them to do good work. If they didn’t complete the work, he was at liberty to whip them. She also describes her first time getting whipped as very unpleasant when she didn’t know how to do the labor. Garner was born in Tennessee and her mother, Jula, was born in Virginia. Garner’s husband, Theodore, was born in Blackground, and married him when she was eighteen.Her master bought him and his mother when he was 8 years old. Garner also had two brothers. Next, she describes planting the farm as a child. She’d have to pick it off wit her feet. They had plows so all the work wasn’t done by hand. She explains that she could do as much work as any man could handle. You had to stake the land crossways and plow the open rows. The master had one plow but was having more made at the shops. They made the plows by hand. She was never a house person, which her mother was. She thought of herself as a farmer. She could do any gung; milked cows and hauled flowers.She never had to cook, iron, clean, or wash for the white people. She worked from the day she was born until the day she left. Her mother raised her to be strong. Garner worked outside while her mother stayed inside doing housework. Garner never talked about being able to read and write. Her mother cooked them all meals after the white family ate. At night her mother taught life lessons to all of her siblings. Her father usually worked from early mornings to late at night. On of the main reasons masters didn’t want their slaves to become Christians involved the Bible.This was one reason why most plantation owners did what they could to stop their slaves from learning to read. In the South, black people were not usually allowed to attend chu rch services. Black people in the North were more likely to attend church services. Drums, which were used in traditional religious ceremonies, where banned because overseers worried that they would be used to send messages. Garner raised 12 children. When her son got old enough to care for himself, she moved away. She had three sons. When her son died, she came back here.Her 12 children including her daughters all grew up to go elsewhere. Most of them went North. Some went to Philadelphia, New York or Virginia. Her youngest son died shortly after he was married. She believed that they were in God’s hands, and did what God wanted. They all went their own separate ways when the got old enough. They come back to see family sometimes. Garner becomes excited when asked about life up North, until she sees the labor involved, and she thinks about the work she used to do at home. She lived a healthy life and she enjoys being free.

Globalization in the Modern World

Globalization in the Modern World If you look at the tag on your shirt, chances are you would see that it was made in a country other than the one in which you sit right now. Whats more, before it reached your wardrobe, this shirt could have very well been made with Chinese cotton sewed by Thai hands, shipped across the Pacific on a French freighter crewed by Spaniards to a Los Angeles harbor. This international exchange is just one example of globalization, a process that has everything to do with geography. Definition and Examples of Globalization Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture. McDonalds in Japan, French films being played in Minneapolis, and the United Nations  are all representations of globalization. Improved Technology in Transportation and Telecommunications What makes globalization possible is the ever-increasing capacity for and efficiency of how people and things move and communicate. In years past, people across the globe did not have the ability to communicate and could not interact without difficulty. Nowadays, a phone, instant message, fax, or video conference call can easily be used to connect people throughout the world. Additionally, anyone with the funds can book a plane flight and show up halfway across the world in a matter of hours. In short, the friction of distance is lessened, and the world begins to metaphorically shrink. Movement of People and Capital A general increase in awareness, opportunity, and transportation technology has allowed people to move about the world in search of a new home, a new job, or to flee a place of danger. Most migration takes place within or between developing countries, possibly because of lower standards of living and lower wages push individuals to places with a greater chance for economic success. Additionally, capital (money) is being moved globally with the ease of electronic transference and a rise in perceived investment opportunities. Developing countries are a popular place for investors to place their capital because of the enormous room for growth. Diffusion of Knowledge The word diffusion simply means to spread out, and that is exactly what any new found knowledge does. When a new invention or way of doing something pops up, it does not stay secret for long. A good example of this is the appearance of automotive farming machines in Southeast Asia, an area long home to manual agricultural labor. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Multinational Corporations As global awareness of certain issues has risen, so too has the number of organizations that aim to deal with them. Sos of NGOs include Amnesty International or Doctors Without Borders. As countries are connected to the rest of the world (through increased communication and transportation) they immediately form what a business would call a market. What this means is that a particular population represents more people to buy a particular product or service. As more and more markets are opening up, business people from around the globe are coming together to form multinational corporations in order to access these new markets. Another reason that businesses are going global is that some jobs can be done by foreign workers at a much cheaper cost than domestic workers. This is referred to as outsourcing. At its core globalization is an easing of borders, making them less important as countries become dependent on each other to thrive. Some scholars claim that governments are becoming less influential in the face of an increasingly economic world. Others contest this, insisting that governments are becoming more important because of the need for regulation and order in such a complex world system. Is Globalization a Good Thing? There is a heated debate about the true effects of globalization and if it really is such a good thing. Good or bad, though, there isnt much argument as to whether or not it is happening. Lets look at the positives and negatives of globalization, and you can decide for yourself whether or not it is the best thing for our world. Positive Aspects of Globalization As more money is poured into developing countries, there is a greater chance for the people in those countries to economically succeed and increase their standard of living.Global competition encourages creativity and innovation and keeps prices for commodities/services in check.Developing countries are able to reap the benefits of current technology without undergoing many of the growing pains associated with the development of these technologies.Governments are able to better work together towards common goals now that there is an advantage in cooperation, an improved ability to interact and coordinate, and a global awareness of issues.There is greater access to foreign culture in the form of movies, music, food, clothing, and more. In short, the world has more choices. Negative Aspects of Globalization Outsourcing, while it provides jobs to a population in one country, takes away those jobs from another country, leaving many without opportunities.Although different cultures from around the world are able to interact, they begin to meld, and the contours and individuality of each begin to fade.There may be a greater chance of disease spreading worldwide, as well as invasive species that could prove devastating in non-native ecosystems.There is little international regulation, an unfortunate fact that could have dire consequences for the safety of people and the environment.Large Western-driven organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank make it easy for a developing country to obtain a loan. However, a Western focus is often applied to a non-Western situation, resulting in failed progress.

The eNotes Blog Marchs Teachers Corner BlendedLearning

Marchs Teachers Corner BlendedLearning In the olden days- really not that long ago- technology in the classroom was an intercom connection with the  office and a 16mm projector that showed black-and-white documentaries. When film strip projectors arrived  on the scene, they represented real innovation; a film strip machine with audio and auto advance was cutting  edge. The term â€Å"blended learning† didn’t exist because there was nothing to blend. The concept of blended learning didn’t enter the mainstream of education until the 1990’s as the internet  continued to expand and schools began investing in classroom computers and software. Since then, the idea  of â€Å"blending† internet and digital media resources with traditional classroom instruction has become the  prevailing force in determining how instruction is delivered. Laptops and tablets are quickly replacing  textbooks, and blended learning has become the focus of professional development. Teachers now race to  keep up with the explosion of new technology resources and the myriad ways they can be used in instruction. There are six models of blended learning. For an overview and a description of each model, check out this Web site.  Based on the descriptions, the â€Å"Face-to-Face Driver† model  seems to be most representative of how blended learning is being implemented in the majority of our  classrooms. The teacher delivers most of the curriculum and employs online resources to supplement  instruction and promote learning. Sounds easy enough, but keeping up with the increasing number of technology resources at  hand and using them most effectively have  become daily challenges. Here are some ideas to help sort things out. Kids the Internet With laptops, tablets, or shared classroom computers, students have immediate access to a world of  information. Sometimes, though, they lack the skills and experience to trek through the blizzard of articles  they find online. For younger students and those whose reading levels make it difficult  to use online resources, here are a couple of good Web sites: Factmonster is an online general  encyclopedia that’s not hard to navigate, and it’s filled with information in easy-to-read articles. Ducksters is designed for students K-8, and offers information and  activities in history, biography, geography, and science, along with homework help, games, and sports. Kids Computer Games Using interactive games and activities can be effective in supplementing instruction in every subject and grade  level. They’re also useful in differentiated instruction and remediation. There are thousands to choose from on  the net, but finding the right ones takes time, and time is always in short supply. To narrow your search, look  at these: For students K-12, check out the interactive games and activities at Hoagies Gifted Education Page. They cover many subjects, including engineering, physics,  space, and astronomy. At Interactive Sites for Education  you will find lots of good  interactive games and activities, K-5, in math, science, language arts, social studies, music, art, and  even typing. The brainteasers are worthwhile, too. Other Ways to Blend Learning In making blended learning effective and engaging, consider some of these ways to implement it: Tap into social media. Write some lessons that incorporate Skype, Twitter, and Facebook. Here’s a site  that features 100 ways to use social media in developing classroom projects and activities. Read books online, free of charge. Create a virtual classroom library filled with new books and stories.  At www., you’ll find eTexts of hundreds of works of literature that can be read in their  entirety online, free. Also free are the children’s books that can be read online at Childrens Books Online. It’s an amazing collection. Project Gutenberg  offers free ebooks in the public domain and features titles from world  literature. Supplement and enhance lessons with instructional videos, movies, and film clips. Save time in locating  what you need by visiting this article. It features The  100 Best Video Sites for Educators and describes what you can find at each one. Whatever subject or grade you teach, take your students on virtual field trips. A great collection of  virtual tours can be found at here. Among them  are some virtual reality tours of famous places as they existed in the past. Design lesson-related activities that allow students to use technology in creative ways- drawing  pictures, completing DIY projects, and making music or their own movies. You’ll find top-rated apps for  students K-12 at Graphite. Many of the apps are free. Every resource that can be tapped through technology isn’t necessarily valuable in the classroom. For blended  learning to be effective, it must be orchestrated by teachers who understand their students and who  recognize what can be achieved by connecting them with the right resources at the right time. As always, kids need their  teachers. Without them, the newest, most sophisticated technology is just an improvement on the film strip  machine. Have a great spring break! See you in April. This is a guest post from Staff Writer, Susan Hurn.   Susan is a former high school English teacher and college instructor. She loves writing for and also enjoys good books, creative writing, and all things related to history.   Let us know if youre interested in contributing to the   blog.

Burden Of Proof in Civil Cases Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Burden Of Proof in Civil Cases - Research Paper Example There is considerable literature that argue against the principals of the burden of proof. The statistical element of preponderance standard as construed by †¦ is not optimal, and he argues that that the adductive approach is used to quantify the degree in which evidence should be relied on. Since the burden of evidence is classically charged on the plaintiff. The burden of evidence makes the judicial process simpler but exposes the court to errors. The outcome of the case is dependent on the evidence presented by the plaintiff. The trial process may work in favor of the defendant especially in occasions where matters involved are not recordable. This article argues that despite the importance of the burden of proof in establishing liability of the defendant, it marked by considerable shortcoming that has led to inaccurate verdicts. The burden of proof is a critical aspect of adjudication systems. Louse Kaplow in his journal acknowledges that this concept has been subjected to minimal normative analysis. This article will explore the concept of burden of proof in civil litigation and how it hardly works in our adjudication systems (Kaplow, 2014). The litigant assumes the status quo. The plaintiff is charged with the responsibility of proving a claim by factual presentation beyond a reasonable doubt. The burden of prove creates a passive and just legal environment where the complainant shows a case while the defendant establishes some defense facts. There are classical norms and standard that the evidence presented should lie within. The plaintiff will present evidence that is considered by judge/jury for possible conviction of the defendant. The defendant does not have to proof his/her innocence but in the state stands in a court of law as a reference point.   

Case of Vasiliy Gorshkov and Alexey Ivano Essay

Case of Vasiliy Gorshkov and Alexey Ivano - Essay Example There are readily available hacker tools that can be used by unskilled people to wreak havoc for financial gain or just for fun. The disturbing reality is that many people are not aware they are actually committing a crime until it is too late. This has been a serious problem for teachers, parents, governments and businesses trying to work hard to protect children and the general public from online threats. The best way to protect people from computer crime is by letting them understand what computer crime is all about. Computer crime can be viewed in three ways. The first one is attacking computers of other people by spreading malicious viruses. The second one is using a computer as a weapon to commit crime like illegal gambling or fraud. The third one is storing information in a computer illegally. Introduction In this case study of Vasiliy Gorshkov and Alexey Ivanov we are going to examine whether the FBI investigative techniques went too far in apprehending the two Russian cyber criminals. In addition to this, we will also investigate how the FBI used the law to apprehend the cyber criminals and whether their actions should stand scrutiny under the current U.S. cyber law. Furthermore, more case studies will be examined and the impact of cybercrime investigations of non-U.S. citizens will be discussed and analyzed. The overview has looked at what computer crime is all about and the definition can summarize computer crime as attacking computers of other people by spreading malicious viruses, using a computer to commit crime, and storing illegal information on a computer. Case study Ivanov a 20 year old computer programmer from Russia flew to Seattle in November 2000 to apply for a job in a company called Invita Security. He was promised a dream job and took with him Vasiliy Gorshkov, a fellow programmer. After their arrival in Seattle airport they were given interviews of hacking other networks which they proved to be very successful. They were later arrested by the FBI. In Washington on October 10, 2001, a jury found Vasiliy of Russia guilty on 20 counts of conspiracy on fraud and computer crimes. The targets of the computer crime include Nara Bank, Speakeasy Network, PayPal, National Bank of Waco, and many other companies. He faced a maximum prison term of five years on each count, and a possible prison sentence of 100 years and a fine of $250,000 on each count, although he was sentenced to three years in prison. Ivanov was also charged with conspiracy, hacking, extortion and computer fraud and was given a prison term of eight months and owes in excess of $800,000. Analysis of case study The Federal Bureau of Investigation in the case study did not follow any International Law in their pursuit of the two cyber criminals however the deceit to get them into America is commendable because it allowed the FBI to exercise the right legal justice system in apprehending them. This was done by using a fictional company called Invita that lured the two Russians and their success in hacking into Invita proved they were guilty of cyber crime. According to the United States law the right way in obtaining evidence is not by deceiving computer criminals into committing a crime rather it should be to catch criminals in the act of committing a crime

Matrix review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Matrix review - Essay Example In regard to Richard Paul article, critical thinkers remain as those who can see past what is before them and inquire more to get the reality. He insists on the value of critical thinking to evade delusions and find the reality of things commonly perceived real. The three emphasize on the existence of illusions plus reality and how the society should perceive them in deeper thought. 2) How does the film "Inception" reflect how powerful people gain access to our unconscious mind? Stated differently, what does the film attempt to tell us about how media influence our deepest sense of unconscious desires and world/political view? In Inception, Dominic Cobb, the dream architects specialized in stealing or implanting information in people’s dreams when they were vulnerable most. In likening to that movie, the media also gains entry to people’s mind unconsciously and influence their desires or political view through constant advertisements or positive recommendations of certain candidates. An excellent example entails the media constantly advertising a certain product. People unconsciously become influenced into liking or purchasing that product. In the movie, The Matrix, the actor, Neo becomes pulled from a given kind of cave and comes to view the real world from another perspective. In likening the matrix to Plato’s allegory about the cave as Neo come to realize that the world he knew before was an illusion just like the prisoner who climbed out of the cave, and realized a real world existed (Plato, 2010). Neo in discovering that his old world was an illusion becomes likened to the shadows that existed in the cave and the other prisoners though were real. Plato insists that people often perceive illusions which they commonly think it’s real. Plato continues by saying that reality can only be perceived by individuals who free themselves and accept it (Plato, 2010). In the addition,

Site Visit Essay Example for Free

Site Visit Essay Human Services is a broad field for workers who assist individuals with various types of issues or problems; whether the assistance is housing, mental health, vocational, or elderly services. These workers are housed throughout many organizations and agencies that have department in which they cater to specific needs. Some organizations have departments and programs that specialize in behavioral and cognitive–behavioral techniques to further address behavioral issues or problems. The Children’s Village (CV) is a non-profit human service organization and their mission is to work in partnership with families to help society’s most vulnerable children so that they become educationally proficient, economically productive, and socially responsible members of their communities (The Children’s Village, 2013. ) The type of families CV caters to are foster care and adoption and therapeutic children. In locating this organization online, I spoke with one on the Masters Social Workers (MSW), Benia E. Thomas who further explained the type of behavioral or cognitive-behavioral therapy they provide for the clients served. The Children’s Village employs group behavioral therapy geared toward behavioral modification to adolescents ages 11-21. The types of behaviors the children display are Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and other conduct disorders. According to Understanding ADHD (2013), â€Å"ADHD is one of the most common childhood psychiatric conditions, affecting 9.5% of school-aged children in the United States.† ADHD is a psychiatric disorder as OCD is another disorder affecting children and promoting disruptive behaviors. According to Internal OCD Foundation (2012), â€Å"Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder of the brain and behavior. OCD causes severe anxiety in those affected. OCD involves both obsessions and compulsions (para. 1.) The techniques CV employs at their organization helps change these potentially self-destructing behaviors such as ADHD and OCD. Behavioral therapy is also called behavioral modification or cognitive behavioral therapy. Medical professionals use this type of therapy to replace bad habits with good ones. The therapy also helps you cope with difficult situations (Healthline, 2013.) This type of treatment is used on the children who have faced difficult times within the home with their biological parents and assists them with any behaviors stemmed from removal from one home to the next. In cases like these children can become very angry, blame themselves, academically failing, and act out differently for attention. Foster children often face multiple adversities putting them at risk for problems in social, emotional, and behavioral adjustment. Some of the risks are experienced prior to placement into foster or adoptive care, such as drug exposure, maltreatment, and institutional care (Adoption and Foster Placement, 2008.) In discussing the population this program participates in, the effectiveness of the interventions is measured by the team of therapeutic social workers at CV. Therapy techniques and approaches must be effective so the children can live normal lives in the community and when placed in other homes. The types of interventions used on the clients at CV are used by a number of therapeutic social workers who work hard at achieving long-term goals for the children. For example, if a child displays disruptive behavior in school and is acting in an aggressive manner at his or her home several techniques and interventions are used to eliminate or calm the situation to a minimal. Techniques such as: homework charts, behavior charts, listening, communication, and documentation of the behaviors are implemented by the social worker or therapist to further allow the child to discuss what is bothering him or her (Benia E. Thomas, personal communication, September 27, 2013.) The most effective technique used by the social workers at CV is the behavioral modification chart. According to Bach, PhD and McCraken, PhD, LCSW (n.d) â€Å"Behavioral treatment is concerned with the analysis and change of behaviors. Thorough assessment is an integral part of any behavioral intervention or behavioral assessment.† Examples of behavior modification that can be used to increase positive behaviors are praise and approval, positive reinforcement, awards, and self -monitoring. The technique used in the behavioral therapy seems to work for some of the children, as they display change when they come in for therapy sessions with the social workers. At this current time the CV only uses behavioral therapy as a technique to assist with cognitive behaviors. Children’s Village is a non-profit organization that has not received the adequate funding to support other programs that would be suitable for the organization at this time, but it is something the organization is interested in later on once funded. Although there are not any plans for other programs, play therapy is used for children (ages 2-10). According to Association For Play Therapy (2013), â€Å"Play therapy refers to a large number of treatment methods, all applying the therapeutic benefits of play. Play therapy differs from regular play in that the therapist helps children to address and resolve their own problems† (para. What is play therapy?.) This type of therapy helps the children act of scenarios with playing and using objects such as dolls and coloring to further explain behaviors. The other models and techniques used at Children’s Village are Functional Family Therapy/Child Welfare (FCT-CW) and Multisystemic Therapy (MST). FFT-CW is a family-based prevention program that helps families make positive changes to their households and MST is an evidence-based program that helps families manage out of control children (Preventative Services, 2013). These two types of models are used in CV to better assist the children and the foster parents who require support from the organization. MST and FCT-CW is form of support that the organization implements to their children and foster parents to ensure safety and structure. In conclusion, the Children’s Village is a foster care and adoption agency that employs behavioral therapy to the children they place in homes. The children are 11-21 and have disorders such as ADHD and OCD among other behavior dysfunctions. These techniques used assist the children with the various behaviors they display as a result of removal from biological families and placement into homes of strangers. When the children display these cognitive behaviors in school or the community behavioral modification charts are used to keep track of the behaviors and monitor improvement. When improvement is noticed the social workers reward the children with movie tickets or other praises they find effective for each individual child. Each behavior is treated differently and addresses in a manner where different techniques are used as well. Children’s Village would like to expand their cognitive behavioral depart, but because of funding they are limited. This agency has displayed the use of the methods and techniques used to change behaviors References Adoption and Foster Placement. (2008). Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development, 25-31. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/science/article/pii/B9780123708779000025 Association for Play Therapy. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.a4pt.org/ps.index.cfm?ID=1653 Bach, PhD, P., McCraken, PhD, LCSW, S. G. (n.d). Best Practice Guidelines for Behavioral Interventions. Behavioral Health Recovery Management Project. Healthline. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.healthline.com/health/behavioral-therapy Preventative services. (2013). Retrieved from http://childrensvillage.org/nyc-based-programs/preventive-services/ The Childrens Village. (2013). Retrieved from http://childrensvillage.org/about/mission/ Understanding ADHD. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.intuniv.com/attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder/?utm_source=googleutm_medium=cpcutm_term=adhdutm_campaign=condition

Positive and Negative Effects of Television on Children

Positive and Negative Effects of Television on Children Children’s television viewing time be carefully controlled or for some age groups eliminated entirely Contents (Jump to) Introduction TV, young children and aggression: Is TV dumping down our young? The role of TV in the obesity epidemic: Is TV – helping the young to a more positive view of the world? TV linked to better language and literacy? Conclusion: References: Introduction: Since the advent of the television in the daily lives of the common people, the lifestyle and routine of the people have been changed. Television is no longer an idiot box in the lives of many instead it is one of the most important parts of the lifestyle. The television has come up with variety of programs and the increasing importance of the television in the daily life of the people has given the entertainment world a different name. It has been observed in many countries like the United States the children are devoting maximum of about thirty hours watching television per week. This has given rise to a hobby or a habit of watching television (Kelemen, 2002). In many countries the children like to watch television, forgoing their studies and this had created awareness within the parents and the teachers. The most important issue regarding this matter is that the children are getting wrong information in some particular cases from the different programs of the television. There are many interesting programs apart from the cartoon shows which attract the children. The study is all about the awareness that had been generated by different research outcomes conducted by different organizations. The study discusses many important issues and analyses both the positive and negative sides of the issues (Yapp, 2014). TV, young children and aggression: It is observed all over the world that the children are adversely affected by the violent programs which they view in the television. Eastman (2004) had said that by the time when the American children become grown up to leave the high school they would have viewed thousands of murders and other violent activities in the television. On the other hand Rowell Huesmann et al (2003) have said that there is a tendency in the infants to imitate the activities they observe from the television and hence the violent programs could have much impact on the minds of the children and could cause severe accidents in their lives (Huesmann Moise-Titus, 2003). Murray (2005) have pointed out that in many cases it has been observed that children having maximum exposure to violent programs get their sensitivity towards violence and this turn increases their tolerance of violence in the society. On the other some children are found to be getting more sensitive towards the violence and that might affect their physical and mental strength. It is not always good for the infants to watch television as they might be affected by the colors, hues, saturation and exposure level of the television portray. The sound effects might also affect the hearing aspect or the mental development of the infants as initial stages (Murray, 2012). Is TV dumping down our young? According to Anderson and Pempeck there is a close relationship between the development of language and watching TV. The children below 2 years who watch television for a long time do not develop their language and vocabulary. The children start to speak less and they follow only gestures. The children below 2 years who watch educational programs like Sesame Street and Dora the Explorer face the similar problems in the language development. But the children over 2 years while watching these programs specially designed for the development of language get a better learning opportunity and they develop the language faster (Gliebe, 2011). The parents’ co-viewing with their kids has shown to be beneficial as the parents could manipulate the programs accordingly and might help their children in understanding the meaning of the programs they watch. The children are sometimes found to be more inclined towards the face to face communication and learn to develop language from this type of conversation. The parents could control the time their children are devoting towards watching the television. They could even ban or eliminate many programs from being watched by their children if they find some anti social or unethical in the programs. The role of TV in the obesity epidemic: The children who are watching television for a longer period are found to be affected by the increasing issue of obesity as they forgo their physical activities and sit idle at a place and watch television. The children get less time for any extra curriculum activities and due to that they are growing some problems in their physical growth. The habit of having fast food or snacks are being promoted by the television ads which are growing the habit of consuming fast food and snacks at an increasing rate which is affecting the health of the children to great extent. The children are getting much inclined towards the fast food and the ready to cook foods as they are being advertised very skillfully to attract the children (Boulos, Vikre, Oppenheimer, Chang, Kanarek, 2012). On the other hand television programs are also promoting some beneficial programs which are helping in the development of many good habits and learning. The television is also promoting various programs from where the children could learn about the culture of their countries or about different animals etc. There are some programs which are promoting the habits of practicing regular exercise in the daily regime of the children and the children are trying to follow them. Is TV helping the young to a more positive view of the world? According to Moeller (1996) the television programs are helping to understand the world around us through different specific channels. The television can have positive impacts on the minds of the children depending on the perception that the people are growing within them. Sometimes it is seen that people both children and adults like to believe that whatever is shown in the television is normal and real without judging the truth. This might have positive or negative effects depending on the individual conception development (Moeller, 1996). Some programs might show the children the way they want to prove the world around us and could have negative impact on the minds of the children. On the other hand there are certain programs which are useful to the children to collect many academic information or data which they could skillfully use in their studies and could increase their general knowledge (Wiseman, 2012). There are certain worrying issues where the children get wrong ideas about the cultures or the society of many places from the television. The children with good intelligence would take the positive views but the children with poor intelligence would not be able to get the positive views without the guidance of their parents or teachers. TV linked to better language and literacy? Many research work have proved that watching television is helping in the development of language and literacy in the children. The children of two years get to develop their language competency from watching television. Many children have been found to have grown better vocabulary by watching television. The children get to learn many things from television. There are many well designed education oriented programs like Sesame Street which provides good communication and language skills to be developed in the children (Close, 2004). Not all the learning programs are designed to develop language skills in the children. It is the responsibility of the guardians to supervise the programs and allow the children accordingly to watch the programs which are suited for their children. The adult co-viewers are responsible to grow and develop the language competencies within the children through their active participation. The conversation between the adult co-viewer and the children below two years is vital in developing the language within them. The parents or guardians have to play an active role in the development of language and literacy through watching television (Linebarger, 2006). Conclusion: The above discussion shows for and against the reduction of the television viewing by the children below two years and also for the children who are sensitive to many issues. The parents or the guardians have to be more conscious about the controlling of the time dedicated to the television viewing by the children. The Government should take steps either to ban some violent or anti social programs or to make the schedule of the programs as per the prime time or the general time for watching television. The study shows the positive and negative impacts of the television on the minds and developments of the children below and over two years. The study describes the various issue which are related with the viewing of the television. Watching TV is also hampering the physical development of the children and even increasing the rate of obesity in the children. The study throws lights on various findings from the research conducted by many researchers. The research should be able to analyze both the positive and negative impacts of watching television. More research is needed to provide more data and information regarding how much positive or negative it is to watch television for the children. The society should try to instigate the positive impacts of watching television rather than the negative impacts. The society should be well aware of the adverse effects which could affect the children from initial stage. References: Boulos, R., Vikre, E. K., Oppenheimer, S., Chang, H., Kanarek, R. B. (2012). ObesiTV: How television is influencing the obesity epidemic. Physiology Behavior, 146-153. Retrieved from friedmanfellows: http://friedmanfellows.com/assets/pdfs/elibrary/ObesiTV_final.pdf Close, R. (2004, March 13). Television and Language Development in the Early Years. Retrieved from literacytrust: http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/assets/0000/0429/TV_early_years_2004.pdf Gliebe, S. K. (2011, August 12). The Effects of Video and Television on Young Children: Research and Reflection for Christian Educators . Retrieved from cuchicago: http://lej.cuchicago.edu/early-childhood-education/the-effects-of-video-and-television-on-young-children-research-and-reflection-for-christian-educators/ Huesmann, R., Moise-Titus, J. (2003). Longitudinal Relations Between Children’s Exposure to TV Violence and Their Aggressive and Violent Behavior in Young Adulthood: 1977–1992. Retrieved from umich: http://rcgd.isr.umich.edu/aggr/articles/Huesmann/2003.Huesmann,et al.Longrelations.Developmental Psych.pdf Kelemen, L. (2002, December 18). The Truth about Television. Retrieved from aish: http://www.aish.com/ci/s/48924702.html Linebarger, D. L. (2006, September 28). Elements of Effective Educational TV. Retrieved from pbskids: http://www-tc.pbskids.org/read/files/BOB-PARTI-ElementsofSuccessfulEdTV.PDF Moeller, B. (1996, October). Learning from Television: A Research Review. Retrieved from dcmp: https://www.dcmp.org/public_content/caai/nadh175.pdf Murray, J. (2012, January 09). Childrens Antisocial Behavior, Mental Health, Drug Use, and Educational Performance After Parental Incarceration. Retrieved from NCBI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3283435/ Wiseman, R. (2012, June 30). Self help: forget positive thinking, try positive action . Retrieved from theguardian: http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/30/self-help-positive-thinking Yapp, R. (2014, January 10). Children who watch too much TV may have damaged brain structures. Retrieved from dailymail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2537240/Children-watch-TV-damaged-brain-structures.html Positive and Negative Effects of Television on Children Positive and Negative Effects of Television on Children TELEVISION: ITS EFFECTS AMONG CHILDREN IN TERMS OF EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL DISCOURSE IMPELIDO, DEANMARK G. Outline Watching television has many positive and negative effects on the behavior among children. Positive effects include, while negative effects includes violence, behave aggressively and their emotional aspects affected. The Effects of Television Positive Effects Negative Effects Violence Behave aggressively Emotional Aspects affected Watching television has positive effects (which include enhance learning skills and recognize emotions) and negative effects (includes violence, behave aggressively and lead to emotional problems) among children Introduction Technology makes our life easy and it becomes a part of our lives everywhere, anywhere. Before the growth of the technology being rampant, there is a first major source of innovation in technology and that is the television. Television sets become a major industry in the world. Almost all the people in the world, in their households have television sets, and every day, more and more people tend to view on television. By touching its button and by searching different channels, it gives us benefits and solutions to our challenges in the modern-faced world. This includes receiving reports from local and world events, to inspire young minds by exploring geography and history, watch a fantasy, and to entertain us. Television also tends to escape from the reality, which gives us a temporary relief from our problems in life or when we feel depressed. Due to the growing industry of television, television networks always wants to know their audience perspective on what kind of program they want to watch. Audiences have a big impact in the television industry without them, no image on the screen. Most probably, adults are the one who watch, but as the time goes by, children also considered a part of their audience so that television networks consider the programs they watch. Children in the 21st century are now exposed in the television screens and we cannot prevent that. They are treated by the researchers and policy makers as a â€Å"special audience† due they are in process to learn things from the screen (Potter, 2008). Also, they are not yet mature to select a show appropriate to them. So that, as more and more children tempt to watch, the more they see something wrong or something right depending on the content of the program they watch. As illustration, if a child sees violence, the more violent he become; and when he see educational and inspiring, it teaches him to learn new things. According to Hollenbeck Slaby, 1979, children starts to spend television at the age of 6 months, as they grow up, it increases number of hours they spend on television until it reaches by up to six and a half hours every day. Because of this, we think that it leads to positive and negative effects of the behavior of children as they grow up. According to psych iatrist Dr. Victor Cline in his speech in Norfolk, New Virginia, that all the pictures they see in television, it can clearly affects the self-image then, later behavior of young people. He also added that mental diet is the same as nutritional diet. Once a child sees on a television, it will put what they see it in their mind, later; it will take its changes on their behavior once they grow up. He consider the children’s minds into a bank-whatever we put on it, we will get it back 10 years or more with an interest (Cline, 1989) In general, watching television may lead to the positive and negative effects on the behavioral and emotional discourse of the children. Some positive effects are: it enhances learning skills and recognize emotions; and the negative effects are it leads to violence, behave aggressively and lastly, it leads to emotional problems. Watching television has positive effects (which include enhance learning skills and recognize emotions) and negative effects (includes violence, behave aggressively and lead to emotional problems) among children Discussion Positive Effects of Television Television has a great benefit among children as they get easily aware and connect about the physical happenings in their modern-faced society (Gunter and McAleer, 1997: xii-xiii).They also stated that television is not ‘one-eyed monster’ who waits to spread evil over the young members of the household. This is an implication that when a child watches a significant program that is – educational, informative, and values-promoted shows will increase their intellectual growth. Researchers explain this, through watching preschoolers ‘Sesame Street’ regularly, it easily recognize their emotions and to cope trauma when the 9/11 terrorist attack in New York by featuring a story about grease fire in Hooper’s Stone which required the help of the brave firefighters (Wilson, 2008). Second positive effect of television among children is that they acquire basic languages on it. Studies shows that if they watch educational programs, their tendency is to learn basic shapes, numbers, letters, etc. if their parents guided them (Lemish and Rice, 1986). However, Naigles and Mayeux (2001) found that in certain circumstances children learn words and their meanings from educational programs that are specifically design for them (age, content etc.). Further, we must say that we select programs that are capable to their age and they must guide them in order for them to learn their language acquisition. Although still, there is no significant evidence that suggests television as part of their everyday lives to learn new things in life. Negative Effects of Television Violence is one of the primarily negative effects of television among children. Television violence had been increasing for the past years. In the studies, it shows that an average of 32 acts per hour, a child may see on the screen (Gerbner). Because of the number of violent acts a child may see, there is a result of the mental problem called â€Å"copycat phenomenon†. Copycat Phenomenon defines as imitating or copying the act or behavior of a person from a particular show (Sparks, 2013). An example of this is if a child sees on television, a person who acts to be violent; there is a possibility to imitate its action, further, once it continues to imitate until he/she grows up, it results as to be his/her personality. Many people have experience this even adults because it stirs up their emotions easily and somehow, they relate on that scene they watch. Further to that, it results in increasing number of crime and harm things; so that it is very alarming when a child happen to it. Violent television teaches children step-by-step; on how to commit mistakes and violent acts easily (Cline, 1989, 2B.). Watching violence can lead to behaving aggressively. Does it really lead to behave aggressively among children? It is true that it may lead to behave them aggressively through the following factors: if a character in a particular scene performs violent acts; then that character receives a reward for their actions, and there is a possibility of increasing aggression to children especially on boys and not on girls. And this theory he proposed is the social learning theory (Bandura, 1973). To illustrate, if a child sees a scene in a screen which has violent acts, then later the character receives reward on it, there is a chance of imitating or again â€Å"Copycat Phenomenon†. But, if the character did not receive rewards from it but receive punishment, there is a small chance of that child will refrain to do that act. But, in his further studies, it shows that this effect is not clearly depending on kind of program they watch; it is regardless of the kind of program they watch. T herefore, whatever kind of program they watch still, there is a risk of their behavior due to prolonged expose to television and violence. Once it changes their attitudes, it will clearly affect all their emotional aspects. Children emotions lead to anxiety, fear, trauma and even depression (Wilson, 2008). First, there is a possibility of anxiety to them. Second, their fear increases. There is a study that many children have experiences short-term reactions to television. When they watch a scary movie, (example is Monster House), they get react easily and probably they frightened. So that, after they watch it, they feel devastated and therefore, it results to trauma. It will also intensify these effects if they watch a particular news footage that contains tragedy or violence. As a result, children are full of fears to face the real-world. It will hard for them to express themselves and they might see the real-world as a difficult, more complicated and may a victim or real violence. It is normal, but, their emotional capacity maybe more difficult to cope. Watching television has positive effects (which include enhance learning skills and recognize emotions) and negative effects (includes violence, behave aggressively and lead to emotional problems) among children Conclusion: References: Books: Potter, W. J. (2008). Media literacy 4th edition, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA: USA. Sparks, G. G. (2013). Media Effects Research 4th Edition, Boston, MA: Wandsworth-Cengage Learning Internet Resources: