Saturday, August 31, 2019

Piracy Ruining the Music Industry Essay

For many people, music is a large part of their lives. They listen to it to as often as they can. In their cars, while they work out, study, and many other daily activities. But does anyone think about how important music is to those who work in the music industry? Some people buy CD’s, others may buy digital copies online (often referred to as mp3’s). However, there are others who download free copies of music from file sharing websites, such as FrostWire and Napster. This is a crime, and many people are not aware of it. There needs to more stringent measure to protect the music industry from these acts of piracy and copyright infringements. Piracy has affected the music industry drastically over the years. It would appear all is well for those in the recording industry. However, the music industry is worth more than half of what it was in 1999 and the decline doesn’t look as if it will improve. The RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) reported that in 1999, the revenue for music sales topped $14.6 billion. Over time, total revenue from U.S. music sales and licensing plunged to $6.3 billion in 2009 (Alexandra. â€Å"The History of Recording Industry Sales, 1973-2010†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). File sharing is the reason for the decline in album sales over the years. Because it is so easy to get free music, people do not find a need to purchase it. In 1984, the Supreme Court, ruled in the Universal City Studios vs. Sony Corporation case, that home recording of copyrighted materials, would be legal under the fair use provision (Stevens, Law of Cornell.). The decision was made so that it would be legal for home users to make copies of copyrighted material without obtaining any permission of the copyright holder to do so. This ruling covered music, television shows, and movies. Many people argued that they wanted to be able to use the recording devices that they purchased. There needs to be new laws to reflect the change in technology since that time. In 1984 we did not have the different file sharing sites that gave people the opportunity to upload their recordings. Piracy is very popular in many countries. This is because many cultures are interested in the American lifestyle. It is very hard for other cultures to obtain American media, so they rely on file-sharing websites to stay connected. This has affected the American economy drastically. There has been a loss of around 71,060 jobs, a decrease of worker earnings of 2.7 billion dollars and a loss of U.S tax revenue of 422 million dollars. It is estimated that the cost of piracy in the global economy in 2012 was 35.4 billion dollars, and 12.5 billion dollars affecting the music industry individually. (Goldman,† Music’s lost decade: Sales cut in half†) The U.S. government has attempted to prevent piracy by bringing lawsuits against companies such as, LimeWire, Mega Upload, and Pirate Bay. Sites such as these may be stopped, but within months another company begins a similar or more-improved service. â€Å"Would you go into a CD store and steal a CD?† questioned an angry Britney Spears in an industry-funded advert. â€Å"It’s the same thing, people going into the computers and loggin’ on and stealing our music.† Piracy is ruining the entertainment industry. The music industry has a diminished profitability, and significant job loss has occurred, and will only get worse, unless there are more stringent measures to regulate the internet and its’ file-sharing sites.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Time and Professionalism

What is professionalism? There are many different forms of professionalism depending on whose opinion of professionalism it is. I will go with my opinion of professionalism. For the thirty years of my life I must say, I have learned a lot about my experiences in life. I’ve learned from myself, I have learned from my friends, and I have learned from mere strangers. I have seen people succeed in their goals. I have seen people fail in their goals. Failing doesn’t mean that you can’t try again. I believe we learn from our mistakes or if you possibly can, learn from others before you commit the same mistake. Well, I have come to a great conclusion. Professionalism plays a major, a very important role in succeeding in life despite of what goal you are trying to reach. To become a doctor there comes a need for a great amount of professionalism. To become a stockbroker, there is a need for people with nothing but a great mind and professionalism. Even to become a professional football player, despite of the great skills you may have to catch a 60 yard pass for a touchdown, there is still a great amount of professionalism expected from that professional wide receiver. Professionalism comes in many different aspects. The first most important aspect of being professional is the mere first image that you present yourself with. I say professionalism starts with your dress code and hygiene. The first detail you will put out to a person meeting you the first thing is that of how you are dressed. You should be dressed up for the occasion you are presenting yourself for. In an interview for example, a man should be dressed with a dark suit with a plain matching tie and decent shoes, also with his hair groomed. The second most important aspect of being professional is how you present yourself! Yes, you may be well groomed, with a perfect elegant suit but, if you do not have the perfect elegant professional attitude, the attire well, does not mean a thing. Professionalism plays a part in every characteristic of any person. So that being said, when being professional make sure you have the proper aura present. Make sure when you meet that important person that will decide your fate that you have a welcoming smile on your face. Make sure you present enough eye contact that you seem very much interested in what that person is trying to offer you and at the same time, not too much eye contact that it may come across to the other person that you are being maybe too cocky. Greet that person with a firm but not too firm handshake. Make sure that interviewer knows that you are comfortable and also make him or her feel just as comfortable. That is a big plus. Although I emphasized that the first impression you make to anyone will determine to the other person on what level your professionalism is to them. Do not forget that consistency is key to life. Yes, your first impression is big and will have a great impact on anyone. Anyone can have a great impression for one day. Can you do it on a daily basis? Can you maintain your characteristics of professionalism? Can you leave a great impression on people every day? This leads me to my third most important aspect of professionalism. Consistency! Although I put it at third most important does not mean that it is not as important as the first two. They play a role together as one. Consistency is big on every part of your personality, characteristic, and statistically. Are you prepared to be dressed professional at all times despite of whatever affair you may have? Are you willing to dress to the occasion? Are you prepared to have a great attitude and personality at all times, despite of what personal issues you may have? Can you keep that smile on your face and a positive attitude? Are you able to keep your good grades at all times? Are you able to have a 100% attendance? Can you show me 100% effort every day? Yes you have to have a great attitude and be dressed accordingly at all times but, can you do this 99. 9 percent of the time. This is what people look for in a professional. Someone they can rely on. There is one thing people tend to forget when talking about professionalism. Everyone has free personal time to enjoy their lively hood. There is no objecting to that. But do not forget that although you are on your own free personal time that there is not anyone watching you. As a famous musician once said, â€Å"the streets is watching†. There are always eyes on you if you are in a public place. You cannot everyday go to work and display a personality of professionalism, then go out to a club and be the worst most obnoxious person ever. Well you can. But I bet you didn’t see your assistant manager on the other side of that club watching you with astonishment! That one mistake may have cost you your whole chance of becoming the next person to being promoted in that company. That is why I say consistency is key. You cannot be professional in places where you think may only matter. Once you take a career that involves you being professional, you must always display that same amount of professionalism at ll times. When you are at work, when you’re out at the park, when you’re at the movies, at a bar, anywhere you go you must be professional at all times. This does not mean you cannot have fun. You can have fun and be professional. Just as long as you present yourself in a respectable fashion. I personally will display all these aspects to my experiences in m y future for my externship. I have learned a lot about myself and my experiences. I must admit. Most times I have not lived in a professional manner. I am now seeing things in different light. I am seeking the respect of a different group of people than in my past. I know that with all being said above. Without me living up to my knowledge and words I cannot succeed in my field of study so now it comes to that point that I will have to have a great output in my personality, my dress code, and I have to be consistent at all times. I have not been perfect, and I know no one is but I can only try! So after this report I will sit back and evaluate my little theory in professionalism and understand. I can’t only talk about it. I will be about it!

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Parents: 5 Ways to Help Your Teen Adjust to High School

For many parents, the high school years are a distant memory. Yet if you try, maybe you can remember how it felt to start high school. There were new friendships to be made, an uncertain class schedule, and new teachers to get to know. The teen years were well underway. Maybe you were popular, maybe you were awkward, maybe you were content to be a wallflower. No matter who you were, high school was a period of transition. Even if you can’t remember starting high school, think back to the last time you started a new job. Remember that strange mix of excitement and anxiety paired with the desire to fit right in and hit the ground running? If you’re the parent of a teen about to start high school, maybe now you can appreciate what he or she is going through. It’s no cakewalk, but there are definitely ways you can help. In this post, we’ll outline 5 ways to support your teen as he or she adjusts to high school. Some high schools have a formal orientation day for incoming students. This is sometimes a casual open house, where families are invited to walk through the school. Other times it is a formal event with a rigid schedule. In any case, try to make sure that your student doesn’t miss this important opportunity. Many of the first-day jitters are simply a fear of the unknown. If your student has the chance to walk through his or her class schedule, locate classrooms, note resources like the nurse’s office or bathrooms, and even practice using his or her locker a few times, at least some of these fears can be laid to rest. Keep in mind that these events are not always designed to include parents. If parents are invited, make yourself available, but don’t be surprised if your teen chooses to attend alone. After all, high school is an important milestone in independence and the sooner your teen gets used to doing it on his or her own, the better prepared he or she will be for the first day. At the same time though, make sure that your student knows you’re ready and willing to go if he or she wants you there. Sometimes the comfort of a parent is the just reassurance teens need as they approach this important day. The easiest way to guarantee some kind of social support network as high school begins is to join fall activities. If your teen plays on a sports team, encourage him or her to try out for fall sports. If his or her sport isn’t offered in the fall, suggest that he or she asks around to find out if there’s a group of winter or spring athletes who work out together during the off season. If your teen is into art, theater, community service, or specific academic pursuits, suggest that he or she joins a related school activity. Often times, these clubs or activities can provide ready-made social networks to provide support and positive peer pressure as your teen acclimates to high school. Odds are that if you made it through your teens, at some point in time you made decisions that you now regret. Odds are also that you sometimes found yourself in the midst of other teens making poor choices. The teenage years are often a time of pushing limits, experimenting with newfound independence, and discovering who one truly is. It’s important to remember that your teen’s high school experience will be unique to him or her. While it’s more than okay to discuss your own mistakes, don’t jump to the conclusion that your teen is poised to make the same ones. Instead, face each challenge head on as it arises and try to keep your own mistakes out of it when emotions flare (as they likely will at some point). At the same time, avoid pushing your own interests and strengths on your teen. You may have been the star of the 100 meter hurdle or the lead of four major theatrical productions, but that doesn’t mean that your teen is going to follow in your footsteps. In fact, often the more you push it, the less likely your teen is to prioritize your agenda. Our Early Advising Program helps students in 9th and 10th grade discover their passions and build strong academic and extracurricular profiles to succeed in high school. As high school begins, your teen is likely to experience an increasingly complicated schedule. There will be school assignments in multiple classes to track. Sometimes class schedules rotate on 4 or 6 day cycles. Extracurricular commitments can stack up quickly. Get your teen ahead of the game by establishing an organizational system before the school year starts. For some families, this means a weekly and monthly calendar posted prominently in a common space. For other families it means a shared calendar app or online schedule. Some teens like the option of using a calendar on their phone that includes scheduled notifications to avoid any forgotten deadlines. Find a system that your teen seems comfortable with and implement it before the first day of school. For some more ideas about getting organized, see our post Eight Tips to Use Your Time Efficiently and Stay Organized in High School . As your teen spreads his or her wings, it’s likely that he or she will someday find him or herself in an uncomfortable or even dangerous situation. As parents, we do our best to guide our teens away from these scenarios, but it’s equally as important to provide them with the tools to deal with them when they’re face to face. Part of helping your teen adjust to high school means making a gameplay for the unexpected. What will your teen do when he’s stuck someplace with a driver who’s been drinking? How will your teen respond when he realizes the party he’s arrived at isn’t the kind he wants to be associated with? How can he or she escape without losing face or being judged by peers? A few years back, one dad’s brilliant way of providing his teens with an easy excuse to get out of an uncomfortable situation went viral. His system essentially included an innocuous â€Å"code word† that when texted to him as a single word signaled that his teens needed help. If he received a text with the code word, he or a sibling would call the teen on his or her cell phone and tell him or her that something had come up at home and he or she needed to return immediately. Then, they could arrange a ride together and he could extricate his teen from whatever situation had made him or her feel unsafe or uncomfortable, without peer judgement for having called dad. You can read more about implementing a code word for your teen in the original viral post . Starting high school is an important milestone that’s often fraught with anxiety and fear of the unknown. As parents, we can help to support our teens through this transition by providing them with the tools they’ll need to build confidence, establish meaningful social connections, and make smart decisions along the way.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Performance Management - Essay Example In this regard, supervisors and managers find it significantly better to apply the six reasons from the movie; reasons why performance management fail initiative. When they apply the guidance offered in the movie, the recital of persons, teams, and institute improve. The movie clearly outlines the reasons why performance management fails. Performance management is the interconnected objectives and activities to consider for the performance of individuals, teams, and organizations. In addition, performance management ensures successful accomplishment of organizational objectives (Durai, 2010). This is a fundamental component of a communal domination framework, allowing working group, ministers, and commission to lead, keep an eye on and act in response to how an association delivers against its goals. Performance management demands a framework that joins organizations by; expounding routine objectives and associating them with the firm plans, offering rewards entailing performance compensate and earnings development ruled by performance among others. Moreover, superiors should come up with the idea of what work. When doing this, they should follow the procedure critical to the accomplishment such as alignment, designing routine administration associating to the considerate of the result required by the government and stakeholders (Durai, 2010). Credibility should be employed to involve and win the hold up of members of staff through intelligibility, justice, straightforwardness, and by narrowing the gap amid rhetoric and reality. Integration is a key factor in determining what works. Incorporation enhances the performance in the commercial management formation of the firm (Solomon & American Society for Training and Development, 2009). The performance, the assessment, and the feedback have an impact on the organizational objectives to be

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Careers in the EPA Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Careers in the EPA - Research Proposal Example the environmental impacts of pollutive industries led to a widespread call for sustainable development which takes into account the environmental and social aspects of economic development; an offshoot is the requirement of environmental impact assessments for development projects deemed to cause substantial ecological impacts. Large dams were subjected to review particularly as dams inadvertently alter a stream’s morphology, and subsequently the surrounding landscape as well as its biota, which several studies contend. Large dams inundate a large area and the environmental repercussions redound to adjacent ecosystems. An analysis of the environmental effects of dams as obtained by scientific studies is the objective of this report. Specifically, this paper proposes to assess the available research base on the environmental impacts of dams; the methods applied to obtain data on environmental effects; and the implications of the revealed impacts on dam development and management in the context of sustainable development. Data sources will include the review of selected publications on the positive and negative effects of dams on the geophysical environment and on the affected biota, and analyses of impact assessment studies. This evaluation and studies of the same nature are significant, urgent, and timely because it is only recently that the full impacts of dams have been felt due to the compounding nature of such effects. Looking at this effects from various perspectives is also relevant because there are varied scopes a dam alters the environment – global, regional, and local. Especially where local impacts are considered, one dam’s effect does not necessarily mean the same effect on another owing to the differences in their biologic and geographic components. Burke, M., Jorde, K., & Buffington, J.M. (2009). Application of a hierarchal framework for assessing environmental impacts of dam operation: Changes in streamflow, bed mobility, and

Monday, August 26, 2019

International Law Of The Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

International Law Of The Sea - Essay Example Part VII of the Agreement deals with living resources of the high seas through Article 116, Article 117, Article 118, Article 119 and Article 120. Before delving deep into the functions of the fisheries management organisations it is of great concern to know what the UNCLOS Articles state on the role of the regional fishery management organisations. Article116 provides the right to fish to all the countries and their citizens to practice fishing on the high seas on certain conditions, which include: (a) Their treaty responsibilities; (b) the rights and duties as well as the stakes of coastal nations provided for, among other things, in article 63, paragraph 2, and articles 64 to 67; and (c) The conditions as given in this Section. Under Article117, the concerned state has responsibility to follow with regard to its citizens assess for management of the marine resources of the high seas. Cooperation with other states in this regard is central to the conservation of marine resources on the high seas (UNCLOS). Under Article 118, the spirit of Article 117 is taken ahead through cooperation states shall take fresh steps and enter into accords with other states for commercially using the similar water resources or dissimilar water resources on the same region with the purpose of conserving the water resources. It is the responsibility of the states to set up regional or sub-regional fisheries organisations (UNCLOS). Article 119 is also dedicated to conservation of fish stocks of the high seas. 1. It stipulates conditions on deciding the permissible catch and setting up other safeguarding steps for the fish stocks, such as: (a) found suitable as based on scientific knowledge on which the concerned states can depend upon for preserving the fish populations of cropped species at standards that ensure long term production as based on suitable environmental and economic considerations, particularly of the developing countries, considering the fishing methods at all levels of fishing – regional, sub-regional and international; (b) States pay attention to the impact on the species related to or relying on harvested species with the aim of preserving fish populations of such related or relying on species beyond limits at which their populations could not be increased through breeding. 2. All global organisations working for conservation and management of fish stocks shall communicate and exchange related scientific facts, catch and fishing statisitics at all levels of cooperation, regional, sub-regional and global with the suitable active contribution from the respective governments of the organisations. 3. Fishermen shall be treated impartially irrespective of the fact related to their specific state citizenship rights while taking conservative steps and enforcing them. Article120 is meant for marine mammals; Article 65 is also relevant to the conservation and management of marine mammals in the high seas (UNCLOS). An attempt at analysing the r ole of RFMOs will include all regional groups. First of all an attempt on the conservation and management of the Northeast Atlantic Region will be made to be followed up with an assessment of the other regions (UNCLOS). Northeast Atlantic Region The production data on chondrichthyans from 1985-2006 in the Northeast Atl

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Summarizing the information Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summarizing the information - Assignment Example The study described in the article analyzed 178 food samples in China. â€Å"Some processed foods contained a concentration of up to1226 mg/kg, which is about 12 times the Chinese food standard† (Deng et al 248). Food additives and raw materials were investigated and it was revealed that row materials contained low concentration of the element under consideration. High concentration of aluminium was found in food additives that amounted to 0.005–57.4 g/kg. It was revealed that the amount of food additive greatly affected the concentration of the element in food. The type of additives also plays a very important role as some of them contain more aluminium. Basing on the results the researchers came to the conclusion those additives, which contain much aluminium should not be applied and it is necessary to replace them with additives, which contain less aluminium. The article is very useful for the research as it provides valuable data on the concentration of aluminium in

A deeper look on the reincarnation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A deeper look on the reincarnation - Essay Example Hinduism is known to be one of the largest religions in the world. It offers a system of beliefs that not only Indians have embraced but are also perceived to be true by some people from all walks of life and racesOne of the famous beliefs of Hinduism that this writer knows about through lessons in school and readings of books is reincarnation. Hindus believe that when a person dies, s/he will be reincarnated to some animal or another human being depending on how a person lived. If a person lives a good life, he will be rewarded in the form of a second life as a person of a higher status in the Caste System. However, when one is not good, he can be demoted to a lower level of person or an animal. For instance, a member of the royal family has been doing bad things in his life as a prince, princess, king or queen; s/he can become a slave in the next life. If a common man or a slave does not behave well, he will be punished and become an animal in his next life. But if that common man or slave does good things in his present life, his next life can be that of a rich person. Reincarnation is a common belief in Hinduism but it is known to have been found among many primitive people in Ancient Greece and Egypt as well (Jones, Whitney and Nault, 8118). According to Enroth, the belief had its origin in Northern India, around 1,000-800 B.C. (2012). Tracing the history of Hinduism, it is said to have emerged from several people of different generations that no one is acknowledged as the sole originator of the religion. There are three periods of the Hinduism wherein beliefs have been acquired and put together to become the modern Hindu religion. The pre-Vedic period, around 3,000-1500 B.C., reflects the animism while the Vedic period introduced polytheism and the caste system, a social scale that was to be incorporated in the belief in reincarnation. The third period in Hinduism is called the Upanishadic period where reincarnation was birthed (Mather and Nichols, 116-11 7). In the process, it is believed that reincarnation takes a lot of times until a person is purified. Only then could a person be able to return to the dwelling place of its god known by Buddhists as Nirvana and for the Brahmanic Hindus, the purified person will be reunited with Brahma or the Universal Power (Jones et al., 8118). According to the World Book Encyclopedia, superstition literally means â€Å"that which stands above, or survives† and further goes on to consider that the opposite of superstition is science, based on observations and reason (Jones et al., 7810). As a belief that cannot be scientifically proven, reincarnation is considered a superstitious belief. It is argued that no one can really prove that a person is a reincarnation of someone who lived in the past however Kevin Williams claims that he was able to prove the validity of reincarnation. In his research, he was able to have twenty children describe spontaneously their past lives by the time they we re able to talk. He even challenges skeptics to do the same experiments themselves. However, on the scientific point of view, this is not enough evidence to claim the fact of reincarnation. John Von Ward claims that, â€Å"A theoretical model or reincarnation based on behavioral evidence will be much more credible than one based on dreams, hypnotic information or extra-dimensional material. People will find the theory much more persuasive if it is based on tangible evidence like physical skills, creative talents, habits, postures, etc than on easily fabricated products of mind.† The belief on reincarnation can be detrimental. The idea of having another life after the present life can make an individual go to the extreme of acting badly with the thought that there will be another life where one could redeem him/herself anyway. People are given the tendency to rely on dreams, hypnotic regressions and other manners of acquiring information about a person’s life. This enco urages them to concentrate on the quest to

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assassination of Abraham Lincoln - Essay Example The author begins the article by providing a brief discussion of some of the activities that were undertaken by the Republicans in the political year of 1992. Specifically, the article describes the origin of Abraham Lincoln from politics and how certain leaders who came after him made efforts to emulate his leadership styles. The author uses examples of leaders such as Ronald Reagan and George Bush Senior and how their contributed towards the development of the legacy of Abraham Lincoln. He uses examples of republican leaders and how their created emphasis of good aspects of Lincoln’s leadership styles hence contributing to the development of his political legacy. The major strength of the article is based on the fact that the information is properly presented in a comprehensive language, making it easy to understand. However, its major weakness lies on the fact that the author has not provided the source of his/her information. The author of this article focused on the aftermath of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. The first page of the article indicates a picture of a group of people that appears to be in a meeting. The introductory paragraph of the article basically describes accusations that occur with regard to the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Moreover, the author has applied pictures to create more insight of the events that unfolded after the assassination. These pictures present scenarios of past politicians, majorly after Lincoln’s death. The use of pictures in the article is its major strength. It also appears that some extent, there is excessive use pictures in the article hence presenting limited written information. This could be its major weakness. This article presents a story published on 15th March, 1979; the author focuses on the assassination of Lincoln and the events that unfolded as the investigation related to the assassination.

Friday, August 23, 2019

Paul Smith Logo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paul Smith Logo - Essay Example The design would consider the size shape and orientation of every element constituting the logo. The color would emphasize on the variations and the meanings when interpreted. The analysis would also focus on the message communicated by the trademark, the context on which they apply and use (Meroni & Sangiorgi 2011). Design The layout of the logo displays a number of variant characters, each acting to form a coherent structure of the emblem. The orientation of every element of the logo displays a convergence of meaning and its intent to the appreciator. The name â€Å"Paul Smith† is indicated at the central position of the logo and occupies a better area of the logo indicating that the writing is one of the main reasons for the logo. For instance, the average range of the area occupied by the writing is 40 – 75%. The proportion of the writing depends on the item onto which the logo is embedded. The writing is the main feature that whoever sees the logo would acknowledge (Middleton C & Herriott 2007). The writing and the background of the logo is modified to attain a rectangular shape. The length of the rectangular shape containing the logo is about twice the breadth. According to Harvey 2005, the disparity in proportionality is critical to show the main intent of the sign. The logo graphics are variant and have either posed the logo in two dimensions or three. The woven logo tends to have depressions forming the three dimensional aspect whilst the printed or painted signatures express two dimensionality. The front styles and sizes are different but maintain conspicuous nature and visibility to attract attention of the eyes. Placement on websites and advertising has been easing by the logo since the logo tends to communicate all the information about the company. The logo has a rich visual text relationship because the logo design has ensured that the name is extremely visible. The logo has ensured maximum visibility through the difference between the color used in writing and the background. Concerning the expression of the logo, the emblem symbolizes the general nature according to its structure. Firstly, the name on the logo is hand written in spite of any graphics used in improving it. The writing indicates simplicity and normalcy of the company products. The logo tends to display the sense that even the best things of the world originate from the simplest items. Color The logo exposes an extreme complexity in color since it appears in a multicolor system. The logo was designed to express a total of twenty eight colors. Nonetheless, the colors have then been trimmed to fourteen in number. Basically, the logo depends on the occurrence of two contrasting colors. The numerous colors are also critical on the logo because the design intends to address many persons in the world and who also have variant preferences. Thus, an individual must get the preferred color (Harvey 2005). The variation of the colors composing the emblem ranges from slight difference to the most conspicuous differences. The difference in colors appears in a system exposing the particular color and the partial concentrated color of a similar nature either besides it or at a different point of the logo. The logo symbolizes the basic components of a fashion emphasizing that a fashion depends on the difference between two materials provided that the arrangement of the items is logical. The logo takes different

Thursday, August 22, 2019

The link between motivation and organizational performance Essay Example for Free

The link between motivation and organizational performance Essay Citing example from the Palm Toy tutorial case study, and with reference to academic literature, discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to my understanding of work motivation and evaluate critically the extent to the link between motivation and organizational performance. Work motivation is an ensemble of internal and external forces which could initialize the work behavior, determining its direction,form, intensity and duration which is concerned with positive incentives and avoid negative incentives in the workplace (Pinder 2008). There are an array of theories that were put forward by organizational scholars. For instance, Maslow’s Need-based theories which focus on fulfilling employees’ needs, Vroom’s Expectancy theory which is related to the function of individual’ expectation, Herzberg’s TWO-FACTOR theory which is known as Motivation-hygiene theory and Adams’ Equity theory which demonstrates the relationship between equity and motivation (Hellriegel 2004). Additionally, the correlation between motivation and organizational performance has always been an unresolved discussion. Research shows that motivation is related to individual performance which directly affect the outcomes of companies and can be influenced positively or negatively (Micle 2009). While on the other hand, other researchers have suggested that there is negligible relationship between motivation and organizational performance(Bolton 2005). Taking the example of the Palm Toy tutorial case study, this essay firstly illustrates intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors in terms of work motivation, then focuses on the close relationship between motivation and organizational performance. There are a variety of factors which contribute to comprehend work motivation. This paper divides factors into two parts- intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. First of all, with regard to internal aspects, in the case of the Palm Toy company, workers are motivated at a high level when they have access to provide their suggestions and make plans by themselves.To be precise, employees tend to show more initiative and possess self value achievement which is the highest level of Maslow’ hierarchy of needs(Maslow 1943). Then, based on the Expectancy theory studied by Victor H. Vroom in 1964, it can be understood that if workers  harbor the idea that they have competence to finish their work objectives they will perform effectively with high motivation because they know that there is high probability to achieve the goal (Bandura 1986). That is to say, workers in Palm company decide the speed of belt according to their expectancy and valence so that they work with enthusiasm and as a result, production increased. Moreover, turning to the external factors, firstly, working conditions are a significant aspect. Precisely, working conditions are closely bound up with job satisfaction,when people work in a comfortable working environment they are willing to contribute more (Babic and Bakotic 2013). For example, according to tutorial case after buying fans the sense of happiness of workers boosted, consequently, employees were motivated with satisfaction. By contrast, according to the theory by Herzberg in 1968, working conditions,as hygiene and contextual factor, should be attended to as a way of minimizing job dissatisfaction instead of increasing satisfaction (Rusu 2013). Meanwhile, equity should be considered as an indispensable part of motivation (Traupmann 1978). Based on the Adams Equity theory, it can be seen that employees strive for fairness and justice by comparing adequate rewards and the compensation for their contributive inputs (Kinicki and Kreitner 2001). And workers are inclined to be motivated working in a fair circumstance by a sense of equity otherwise they tend to become anxious (Kinicki and Kreitner 2001). To be precise , as it is mentioned in Palm Toy company ,workers in other plants may feel unfair because of different earnings which can be regarded as negative inequity. In conclusion, work motivation contains intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors which can help me understand it. As to the correlation between motivation and organizational performance. Performance is linked to motivation. Research shows that performance = motivation * ability which presents that performance is affected by motivation and ability (Norman and Clifford 1974). Meanwhile, ability is generally fixed so that motivation would play an important role to performance. In other words, there is a positive correlation between performance and motivation. However, there are a large number of other crucial variables which have an impact on the outputs, weakening the influence from motivation. For instance, task design, technology,  environment factors and other social factors(Kinicki and Kreitner 2001). In addition, based on the Goal setting theory studied in 1968 by Locke, it can be understood that setting a reasonable and appropriate goal facilitates individuals in focusing their efforts in a specified direction efficiently and consequently intensifying the organizational productivity. Preci sely, motivation will be generated when goals are acceptable and individuals tend to make more efforts to achieve the goals. Furthermore, research shows that 90% of field studies and laboratory involving challenging and specific goals lead to high performance and productivity ( Locke and Shaw 1981). By contrast, anxiety would be presented when employees are confronted by a high degree of challenging and difficult goals or the equivalents. In other words, although individuals work with a high level of motivation high performance could still not be guaranteed (Kleinbeck 1900). Moreover, payment could be regarded as an essential motivation which could lead to high performance (Heneman 1988). That is to say, workers are willing to contribute more as a result of monetary incentives which are regulated in a complete payment system. Conversely, studies shows that paying an worker too much may have adverse effects on their work performance. As a matter of fact they tend to generate less output than fairly paid employees (Sundheim 2013). To recapitulate, motivation is closely bound up with organizational performance. In conclusion, need of self-actualization, employees’ expectancy,working conditions and equity in the workplace contribute to a relatively profound and deep understanding of work motivation which could be divided into external factors and internal factors. Then, even though there are some other variables(task design, technology, environment factors and other social factors) which would affect the influence of motivation (Kinicki and Kreitner 2001), the performance formula (performance = motivation * ability), the goal-setting theory and payment system could support that there is a strong link between motivation and organizational performance. In the future, taking good advantages of the correlation between motivation and organizational performance effectively, organization productivity would be enhanced significantly. Reference: Pinder, C. 2008. Work motivation in organizational behavior . New York: Psychology Press. Hellriegel,D. 2004. Organizational Behavior. London: Thomson. Micle,M. 2009. Organizational climate,progress factor in motivation-performance relationship. Bucharest: Romanian Academy Publishing House. Bolton, S. 2005. Emotion Management in the Workplace. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Maslow,A. 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review [Online] Available at: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm [ Accessed: August 2000]. Bandura, A. 1986. Social foundation of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Bakotic, D and Babic, T. 2013. Relationship between Working Conditions and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Business and Social Science 4(2), pp 206-213. Rusu,G.2013. Human resource motivation: an organizational performance perspective,Phd Thesis, Technical University of Iasi. Traupmann,J. 1978. A longitudinal study go equity in in timate relationships. PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin. Kinicki, A. and Kreitner, R. 2001. Organizational Behavior. New York: Mc Graw Hill. Norman, A. and Clifford,A. 1974. Performance=Motivation*Ability: An integration-theoretical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology [Online] Alailable at: http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuyid=1975-07303-001 [Accessed: November 1974]. Locke, E. and Shaw,K. 1981. Goal Setting and Task Performance. Psychological Bulletin. [Online] Available at: http://datause.cse.ucla.edu/DOCS/eal_goa_1981.pdf [ Accessed: 29 September 1981]. Kleinbeck,U.1990.Work motivation. Hillsdale:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Heneman, R.1988. The relationship between pay-for-performance perceptions and pay satisfaction. PhD thesis, The Ohio State University. Sundheim,K. 2013. What Really Motivates Employees? [Online].Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensundheim/2013/11/26/what-really-motivates-employees/ [Accessed: 26 November 2013].

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Japanese animation and how its been influenced by American culture in the 20th century

Japanese animation and how its been influenced by American culture in the 20th century Introduction In this essay I shall investigate to what extent twentieth century American culture has influenced Japanese animation. I shall examine the history of Japanese film, paying close attention to the rise of animation as an independent art form; determine what facets of American culture have appeared and influenced Japanese animation, including language, pop culture and consumerism; present two case studies of Japanese animated productions that adhere to the American influence; and draw conclusions from my findings. For my research I shall be referencing literature on Japanese animation, American culture and film history. The case studies shall consist of films by Osamu Tezuka and Mamoru Oshii. History of Japanese Animation The Japanese film industry was born out of the fascination with Edisons Kinetoscope. The Kinetoscope had been first shown in New York in 1894, and two years later the Japanese imported several to their cities. This was a period of celebration and novelty as the Sino-Japanese war had been won in 1895 with Japan forcing the Chinese invasion out of Korea; proving that Japan could adjust to the modern civilization [sic] which less than fifty years earlier had arrived knocking at the closed gates of the country in the person of Commodore Perry. It was the reign of Emperor Meiji, spanning 44 years from 1868 to 1912, which welcomed an era of rapid commercial expansion. In 1897, the Lumià ¨re brothers Cinà ©matographe arrived with a mixed bill of films including Baignade en Mer and LArrivà ©e dun Train en Gare. This was followed by the Edison Vitascope and its films The Death of Mary Queen of Scots and Feeding Pigeons. These innovative projectors were extremely popular with the Japanese, including the future Emperor Taisho. The public were arriving in their thousands to watch these films and continued to do so for another twenty years. Throughout this period the Japanese were importing films from Europe and the United States. It was only in 1912 that Japan founded its first production company; Nikkatsu Motion Picture Company. Established as an independent company under the title Japan Cinematograph Company, Nikkatsu started mass distribution and production of films in the 1920s. This meant that Japan was still dependant on films produced in the West to exhibit in its cinemas in the 1910s. During the First World War (1914-1918) European films were unavailable and to fill the void Japan began to heavily import films from Hollywood. One particular film that was to change the way the Japanese read film narrative was D.W. Griffiths 1916 feature, Intolerance. Perhaps the director nost influenced by Griffith in this early period of Japanese film was Norimasa Kaeriyama. Kaeriyama introduced advanced film technique into Japan and helped establish the Film Record, the countrys first motion picture magazine. His films were heavily inspired by the Hollywood narrative structure and were dedicated to: the introduction of long-, medium-, and close-shots, together with editing principles; the conversion to realistic acting; and the use of actresses in womens roles instead of oyama (oyama impersonators were previously used instead of actresses for female roles). After the death of Emperor Taisho in 1926 Japans new Emperor, Showa (Hirohito), began to reject the liberal attitudes towards Western influence of his predecessor. There was more emphasis on creating greater armies and a more powerful navy than building diplomatic relations. Before the Great Depression rocked the United States and Europe, Japan had already suffered; this was accelerated by the population boom across the country. Japan now put emphasis into its manufacturing and exportation of goods. Japans foreign policy had become one of aggressive expansion; they had seized control of the railways in Shandong, China, but were forced to withdraw after China boycotted Japanese exports. There was unrest in the country as labour unions were growing and dissatisfaction bred. Strikes and boycotts were rife, and this was reflected in the films of the time. Period drama films afforded the public the luxury of escapism while, on the other end of the scale, left-wing tendency films that soug ht to encourage, or fight against, a given social tendency played to the nation. This period of filmmaking in Japan proved that the industry had grown up from its humble origins and was establishing its own themes. The influx of the talkies from Hollywood finally pushed Japanese filmmakers to produce their own sound filmes. In the early 1930s sound became the norm for Japanese productions and therefore pushed the boundaries of the industry; allowing directors such as Teinosuke Kinugasa to create lavish dramas that were adored by the public. Suddenly the door was open for filmmakers to adapt historic tales dramatically. These dramas were singled out by the Emperor who saw them as an important tool to boost the nations morale, showing the masses how important history was; and how important it was to actually make their own history. The second Sino-Japanese war was not unexpected. The film industry had to develop the skills to produce the war genre. The first Japanese war movie was Tomotaka Tasakas 1938 feature, Five Scouts (Gonin no Sekkohei). It is interesting to note that this film does not include the pride, nationalism or propaganda that was being released in the United States, Britain or Ger many. The story dealt with the lives of five soldiers caught up in a battle that they know they must fight. This narrative development of character over plot is still used in modern cinema, most recently in Sam Mendes Jarhead (2005). After the destruction of the Second World War, Japan was forced to rebuild as a nation. The Emperor saw the need to keep the cinemas open (at least those that still remained). Production continued, some unfinished films were abandoned due to their military narrative, and projects that had been discarded before the outbreak of war were completed. The occupying Allied interim government announced a list of prohibited subjects, these included militarism, revenge, nationalism, religious or racial discrimination, feudal loyalty, suicide, cruelty, exploitation of children and opposition to the occupation. Editorial power had been taken away from the filmmakers and left with a foreign military presence. Out of this period two important directors were to emerge; Kurosawa and Kinoshita.In 1950, Akira Kurosawas Rashomon was released. The film introduced new ideas to Japanese, and world, cinema. It was the first film to use flashbacks that disagreed with the action they were flashing back to. I t supplied first-person eyewitness accounts that differed radically; one of which came from beyond the grave. The final scene saw no Hollywood resolution with three self-confessed killers and no explanation. His later films included Seven Samurai (Shichinin no samurai) (1954), The Hidden Fortress (Kakushi-toride no san-akunin) (1958) and Yojimbo (1961). Keisuke Kinoshita directed Japans first colour film in 1951 with Carmen Comes Home (Karumen kokyo ni kaeru). Kinoshitas work is much lighter than that of Kurosawa and his influences seem to come from French comedies; most notably in the two Carmen movies featuring the stripper-with-a-heart-of-gold Carmen. Both these and other films explore the need for a character to leave the countryside and head to the new cities. This was echoed in Japans successful attempts to join the United Nations in 1956. In 1958 the first cartoon feature from Japan was released from the Toei studios. Panda and the Magic Serpent (Hakuja den) was directed by Kazuhiko Okabe and Taiji Yabushita and tells of two lovers in ancient China who must battle evil to find happiness. The film combines bizarre supernatural sequences, psychedelic montages and instantly likeable songs. Even though it can be argued that this is the Japanese interpretation of Disneys 1940 classic Fantasia, Panda and the Magic Serpent heralds the beginning of the Japanese animation industry (anime). Anime is the term used to describe Japanese animation. Since the 1950s Japan has been at the forefront of not only producing animation but is a world-leader in comic book art, or Manga. It is best described by Gilles Poitras: Anime (pronounced ah-nee-may), as defined by common non-Japanese fan usage, is any animation made in Japan. In Japan, the word simply means animation. While anime is sometimes erroneously referred to as a genre, it is in reality an art form that includes all the genres found in cinema or literature, from heroic epics and romances to science fiction and comedy. Whereas anime is what people would refer to as cartoons, Manga is the illustrated storyboards that the reader animates in his or her head. The fact that Manga is read by a whole cross-section of society is notable because it is; simply too fascinating, colorful [sic], and rich a literary medium to be left solely to children. The 1960s saw a host of anime films released. In The Enchanted Monkey (Saiyu-ki), directed by Daisaku Shirakawa, Taiji Yabushita and Osamu Tezuka in 1960, the story is a retelling of part of the epic Chinese classic, The Journey to the West, written by Wu Cheng-En in the sixteenth century. This technique of updating early stories was a popular theme in anime and is still used today. However, it was not only the cinema that was releasing anime productions. Japanese television aired Mighty Atom (Tetsuwan Atomu) from 1963 to 1966. Mighty Atom was the creation of Dr Osamu Tezuka, an influential figure in the early development of Manga. It was the first animated series produced by Tezukas television and film production company, Mushi Studios. The initial episode was shown as a television special on New Years Eve (one of the most widely viewed evenings on Japanese television) and became an instant success. When the series was shown in the United States the characters name was changed to As troboy due to DC Comics already owning a character called The Mighty Atom. The series proved to be extremely popular with children, and sparked controversy amongst parents who, even though the translation was greatly softened and sometimes edited for juvenile audiences, complained that the often dark subject matter was not suitable for impressionable young minds. Some episodes exhibited increasingly dreamlike and surreal imagery. This argument still persists today with the debate on whether graphic violence in cartoons (or anime) can prove detrimental to a young audience. The 1970s was a time of consolidation for the animation studios. The worldwide popularity of anime had afforded hundreds of studios to be set up to produce a plethora of films and television series. The moon landing in 1969 fired the imagination of the world with more emphasis on science fiction; and that is what the audience wanted. Fans of anime, or otaku, from around the world demanded new productions from these studios, and in turn the studios delivered new and advanced films. Otaku derives from the Chinese character for house and the honorific prefix o-. This translates as your honourable house. It is an extremely polite way of saying you when addressing another person in conversation; the writer Akio Nakamori proposed that the term be applied to the fans themselves. Another interpretation, as used by the Japanese media, is that of extreme fixation, which is probably closer to the truth. Either way it is the fans of anime that have been the driving force behind its success. In 1971 an animator directed 24 episodes of an anime series called Lupin III (Rupan sansei). It was the start of a very important career for perhaps the most important animator to come out of Japan. This man was Hayao Miyazaki. The series ran from 1971 to 1972 and was so successful that a number of sequels were made as well as theatrical releases. Lupin III describes the life of gang members in 1970s society. The action targeted the adult audience with its violence, sex, dark humour and contemporary soundtrack. Eight years later Miyazaki went on to direct The Castle of Cagliostro (Rupan sansei: Kariosutoro no shiro). The film is a continuation of the Lupin franchise that started with the television series in 1971. The emphasis is on the characters rather than the plot; a trait that Miyazaki develops over the course of his career. Even though the film is far from being one of the best examples of anime from the 1970s, the pace, comedy and willingness to show anti-heroes captures the f eeling of the decade. Another example of an anime series that became global was Gatchaman Science Ninjas (Kagaku ninja tai Gatchaman). This series originally ran from 1972 to 1974 in Japan before being renamed Battle of the Planets when it aired in the United States in 1978. Yet again the re-dubbed, re-edited version was toned down for the Western audience, so much so that the series was moved from Earth to outer space; sequences with a robot (7-Zark-7) were added to patch the safer storylines together, make up for the lost (edited) footage and jump on the Star Wars R2-D2 bandwagon; exploding planes and ships were always robot-controlled and Spectra forces constantly ejected. The original Gatchaman series introduced characters that had feelings and motivation; there was character development and ongoing sub-plots. They sought revenge, felt jealousy and fear, had relationships, and got hurt. The villains were unabashedly evil, not misguided. The heroes didnt always win, at least not completely.It was as if the West was still not ready to embrace anime and Manga as an art form that was acceptable for adults to enjoy. Anime was still widely seen as cartoons for children in the 1970s. The Japanese animation industry went from strength to strength in the 1980s. It was the decade that saw the Western world finally succumb to the power of anime. This was a two-pronged attack; a Manga pincer movement. For those that still believed animation was for children there was the extraordinary global phenomenon that was Transformers, and for those that were looking for an alternative cult classic there was Akira. In 1984, American toy manufacturer Hasbro bought the rights to produce transforming robots from Japanese company Takara. To bolster the sales of their new line Hasbro decided to use anime as the frontline attack on the target audience (children). The result was the extremely successful Transformer series. This series led to the production of the 1986 feature film, Transformers: The Movie. This was the first real evidence of American culture, in its consumer form, influencing Japanese animation. In stark contrast of the animation-as-advert, Katsuhiro Ôtomo directed the 1988 classic Akira. The film was soon to become a benchmark for anime in Japan, and across the world. This was a film that was aimed at adults with dark, subversive themes. The futuristic settings of Neo-Tokyo were apocalyptic and tinged with doom. After Akira it was widely accepted that anime was not just for children. The 1990s saw anime reach mass appeal as the release of such films as Patlabor (Kidà ´ keisatsu patorebà ¢) (1990), Patlabor II (Kidà ´ keisatsu patorebà ¢ 2) (1993) and Ghost in the Shell (Kà ´kaku kidà ´tai) (1995) by Mamoru Oshii found an international audience; Hideaki Anno and Kazuya Tsurumakis 1997 feature End of Evangelion (Shin seiki Evangelion Gekijà ´-ban: Air) followed on where the original Japanese television series left off; and of course Hayao Miyazakis Crimson Pig (Kurenai no buta) (1992) and Princess Mononoke (Mononoke-hime) (1997). The American influence was still rife as the toy industry, in particular the computer and video game market, provided the plotlines to a number of films and television series including Street Fighter II: The Movie (1994), Battle Arena Toshinden (1997) and the original series of the next big thing, Pokà ©mon (1998 onwards). In 1999, Michael Haigney and Kunihiko Yuyama directed the feature length version of the popular Pokà ©mon ser ies; Pokà ©mon: The First Movie. Whereas the 1980s saw Transformers flood the childrens market, the beginning of the new millennium saw the Japanese revenge. Pokà ©mon originally began as a video game, on the Nintendo Gameboy: The Pokà ©mon game was the platform for the Pokà ©mon brand to kick-start what would become the worlds largest success story in the game-licensing card-collecting business. The video game gave the characters identities, the collection cards gave them powers, the movie added life to the brand, and word-of-mouth spread the news. The Pokà ©mon invasion is still evident nearly ten years later as the television series is still in production, with two feature film sequels having followed the original cinematic release. The consumerism powers of America had truly influenced anime. American Cultural Invasion The cultural invasion from the West began in earnest at the turn of the twentieth century. Japans industrial revolution had been slow to start but quickly gathered momentum. By 1890 there were two hundred large steam factories where twenty years earlier there had been none; steamship tonnage increased from 15,000 to over 1,500,000 tons in the period between 1893 and 1905; and by 1896 things Western were in full fashion derbies or straw boaters were worn with formal kimono, the big gold pocket-watch was tucked into the obi, and spectacles, whether needed or not, were esteemed as a sign of learning. Ironically, the period when Japan found itself bowing down to the pressure of American influence was directly after fighting a war against it. When the atom bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki it was not just the radiation that remained in Japan. Any country that has been invaded will always have traces of the invaders culture embedded into the normal life of its habitants. The All ied (most notably the American) control of Japan directly after the war was to allow Western influences to develop into the Japanese way of life. This influence was both highly visual as well as subliminal. America saw the clandestine operations there were not only as part of an effort to defeat Japan but also as the opening wedge for post-war Southeast Asia. The Japanese were suspicious of the Western approach to education and the governing of their homeland. The Occupation, they thought, had destroyed traditional Japanese virtues and unleashed a wave of selfishness and egotism. In an interview with the elderly president of a real estate company in Oita City, author Jeffrey Broadbent discovered the feelings of the former owbers of the land: Due to American influence, the heart of our people has been lost our way of thinking that, if its good for the progress of the whole, its good to sacrifice yourself The Japanese strength from group unity has been lost. The other side of the coi n is the very noticeable, consumer-led American cultural assault on Japan.The way in which American culture has seeped into the Japanese way of life is what Koichi Iwabuchi writes as: strategies that incorporate the viewpoint of the dominated, who long ago learned to negotiate Western culture in their consumption of media products imported fro the West. Depending on the viewpoint of the individual, culture and life in Japan, and especially that in the densely populated areas, are influenced by the same commercial culture that defines the American way of life today. Japanese streets are now littered with the flashing neon signs that are found (admittedly all over the world) adorning the pavements of any American town or city. Western branding has left its mark on Japan. The American phenomenon of the fast-food culture such as McDonalds, Burger King, Dunkin Donuts, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Baskin-Robbins, and other outlets dominate the Japanese urbanscape more than in America. As a mat ter of fact the first Disneyland outside the United States was built in Japan. Even when taking into consideration the immense popularity of Japanese culture (for example, the growth of Yo! Sushi restaurants in the UK) and the Wests embracing of Eastern philosophies (in this case Shinto and Buddhism), it is safe to say that Japanese culture has been more extensively shaped by its American counterpart than vice versa. If it is indeed true that Japans exports of products and manufactured goods far outweighs its imports, then it is also true that Japan imports vastly more information about or from the United States than the other way round. Japan is today regarded as one of the leading powers in the world especially in the representation of its national media; the Japanese population of more than 120 million people and its economic wealth make the Japanese audiovisual market, along with that of the United States, one of the only two self-sufficient markets in the world. However, this does not mean that foreign popular culture is no longer consumed in Japan; American popular culture has continued to strongly influence and saturate Japan. Japan is one of the biggest buyers of Hollywood movie and many Japanese television formats and concepts are also deeply influenced by and borrowed from American programmes; yet the format is quite often changed to make it more suitable to a Japanese audience: What was marked as foreign and exotic yesterday can become familiar today and traditionally Japanese tomorrow. Kosaku Yoshino writes that although Japan has developed a relative maturity of its cultural industries, it still hasnt fo und itself fully expanding on the exportation of its television programming and films to other regions of the world. This unexportability of Japanese media can be explained by the term cultural discount: A particular programme rooted in one culture and thus attractive in that environment will have a diminished appeal elsewhere as viewers find it difficult to identify with the style, values, beliefs, institutions and behavioural patterns of the material in question. Included in the cultural discount are reductions in appreciation due to dubbing or subtitling. The biggest media products that the Japanese have managed to export, despite cultural discount, is Manga and anime; but is this due to American cultural influences shaping the genre into a more Western-friendly medium? Case Study 1 Alakazam the Great (Saiyu-ki) The first example of a Japanese animation that has been influenced by American culture is the 1960 feature, The Enchanted Monkey (Saiyu-ki), directed by Daisaku Shirakawa, Taiji Yabushita and Osamu Tezuka for Toei Studios. It was released in America as Alakazam the Great in an attempt to win a bigger audience by moving away from the emphasis of the ancient Eastern tale, the story is a retelling of part of the epic Chinese classic The Journey to the West (Xiyouji), written by Wu Cheng-En in the sixteenth century. The title name-change and the subsequent character name-changes point to the influence that America held over Japanese culture at the time. The original story chronicles the many encounters of Sanzo, a monk who travels from China to India to obtain a copy of the original Buddhist scriptures to bring back to his country and teach the purity of Siddhartas original messages. In Osamu Tezukas film the star of the show is not Sanzo but Son Goku, the monkey king. Son Guko is a tale nted but arrogant warrior that is sent on a journey by Buddha to learn the virtues of humility and compassion. However, when re-dubbed and released in the United States the characters changed. Sanzo became Prince Amat and turns out to be the son of Buddha. Buddha in turn is named King Amo, Sir Quigley (Pigze), Lulipopo (Sandy), and Son Goku is renamed the titular Alakazam. Considering the fact that the storyline was centuries old there is more than a passing resemblance between the character of Alakazam (Son Guko) and the way in which Japan was seen by the rest of the world. In the tale the protagonist is king of his surroundings (Japan in the late 1930s and early 1940s) before he discovers the existence of a people that are more powerful than him. In an attempt to beat them he sneaks into their world and begins a pre-emptive strike against them (Pearl Harbour attack). He is then disciplined by a greater being (America) before being allowed to continue his journey under the agreement that he learns from his mistakes (the Occupation and the subsequent acceptance into the United Nations). I believe the fact that Tezuka decided to use the story to create this, the third Japanese feature length animation, demonstrates an understanding of the ever present American dominance over Japan. The aesthetics of the production borrow from the American animations of the time. In the post-war period it was evident that the biggest influence on the explosion of Manga style artwork came from the imports of European and American comic books and animation. The most famous being the work from the studios of Walt Disney. Osamu Tezuka was originally a Manga artist before he became involved with anime. His style and technique was heavily influenced by Disney (he admitted to watching Bambi 80 times and Snow White 50 times). The studio that he worked for, Toei, strived for that same cross-cultural, cross-generational appeal of Disney, albeit using more Asian scenarios. Considering that he had studied Disneys Bambi to the point of obsession it is not surprising to learn that Tezuka noted how Bambis childish attributes, such as his big eyes and large head, were an ideal way of conveying complex emotions. The influence of the West is truly evident in this film, and many that followed it. Case Study 2 Ghost in the Shell (Kà ´kaku kidà ´tai) (1995) The second film I am looking at in detail is Ghost in the Shell (Kà ´kaku kidà ´tai) (1995), directed by Mamoru Oshii. It is widely accepted that anime has been inspired by a number of different factors that draws simultaneously on medieval Japanese traditions, on American cyberpunk styles, and on an imagery of ethnic and cultural mixture (of the sort envisioned in Blade Runner) that never quite evokes any specific human society, but that in various ways hints of the American dream of a multicultural society and suggests the extent to which the American science fiction film has become a key narrative type for much of contemporary culture. This cyberpunk culture has been lapped up by the Japanese and features heavily in Manga and anime. Perhaps the most famous writers and contributors to this particular genre are William Gibson, author of the cult Neuromancer and Philip K. Dick, author of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, the novel that was the basis of the 1982 classic Blade Ru nner. Both these writers provided a futuristic world that could be further advanced by the medium of animation. The plot of Ghost in the Shell parallels Neuromancer very closely, except that rather than an artificial intelligence seeking to be free by merging with its better half, an artificial life form (the Puppet Master) seeks to free itself by merging with the protagonist (cyborg Major Motoko Kusangi). Developing similar themes to Gibson and Dick, Oshiis interest in mankinds over-reliance on technology is brought to a logical conclusion in Ghost in the Shell, which foregrounds fundamental questions about what it is to be human in an increasingly computerised cyberworld, where a computer programme gains sentience and also questions its own function in the acquisition of power, autonomy and longevity. In Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? and later Blade Runner the plot and characterisation are centred on the struggle to determine what is human and what is machine. It can be argued that Neuromancer borrows from modern Eastern culture as the locale is set in Japan, however, it is the significance of the characters rather than the setting that has cemented it as a science-fiction classic. In Dicks novel, the opening image of the book, comparing nature to technology, sets the tone of this narrative. The protagonist, Case is a combination of man and machine; a now common trait amongst Cyberpunk literature and animation.It is this imagery that Oshii has borrowed from the West that has provided the background to his work; Blade Runner has been labelled as one of the finest examples of post-noir with its anti-heroes, atmospheric lighting and dark storylines, and Oshii replicates this in his film. He uses sound, and in particular the score written by Kenji Kawais to achieve an emotional response from the viewer that is a million miles from any Disney cartoon. He presents Ghost in the Shell with the feeling of a bona fide film noir that just happens to be an anime production. As such Oshii has admittedly borrowed American ideas, themes and culture but he has formed his own creative style out of it. He uses the medium not only to entertain but to put forward questions of morality to an audience that are not treated like children: Oshii develops the form by refusing innocence and indifference, insisting upon only the maturity of the medium. Indeed, while in an accessible, orthodox model, it only advances the case further that all animation is in some sense experimental, even within populist forms. Conclusion From my research I have drawn the conclusion that Japanese animation has indeed been influenced by twentieth century American culture. This has happened side by side with the country as a whole accepting elements of Western popular culture. As early as the beginning of the century under the leadership of Emperor Meiji Japan began to embrace the West after years of being an insular island race. It was immediately after the end of the Second World War, when Japan was occupied by the Americans under General MacArthur from 1945 to 1951, that the floodgates opened. American control influenced education, culture and general living. Whereas the older generation saw this as Japan losing its heart the younger generation thought of it as a fresh start. This is evident in Japans rise to power in the 1960s onwards. The Feudal system of Japan that had reigned until 1868 had been disregarded; the way of the samurai had been supplanted by the power of the microchip. The nation had taken on board Am erican culture and adjusted it for their own purpose. This ability to progress with outside influences paved the way for animators such as Kazuhiko Okabe, Taiji Yabushita, Osamu Tezuka, Hayao Miyazaki, Katsuhiro Ôtomo and Mamoru Oshii. It is worthy of note that it has not completely been one-way traffic. The Japanese animators have been influenced by American culture (Disney, comic books, Cyberpunk, etc.) but in turn the Americans, and the West, have imported attributes specifically found in Manga and anime. The creative team behind The Matrix trilogy, Andy and Larry Wachowski, are Japanese anime fans and were the driving force behind the 2003 animated film The Animatrix. Advertising agencies in the United States have also picked up on the popularity of anime with the Coca Cola group producing the Obey Your Thirst Voltron campaign, combining anime and hip-hop to sell Sprite.Sales of Manga comics and picture novels in North America grew over 40 per cent to $140 million in 2004. This trend was also boosted when director Hayao Miyazaki won the Oscar for Best A

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Technique for Supravalvular Pulmonary Artery Stenosis

Technique for Supravalvular Pulmonary Artery Stenosis A novel beating-heart technique for supravalvular pulmonary artery stenosis INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary artery stenosis (PAS) may be congenital or acquired and presents itself as isolated or multiple lesions. Acquired PAS generally occurs following the surgical correction of congenital cardiac malformations such as anomalous origin of the left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Treatment options for critical PAS include stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, and surgery. In this report, our objective is to present a new surgical technique without the need for cardiopulmonary bypass used for a patient undergoing surgery for ALCAPA who required re-operation on the first postoperative day due to supravalvular pulmonary stenosis. CASE REPORT: In a 8-year old boy, direct re-implantation of the left coronary artery into the aortic root was accomplished through median sternotomy under cardiopulmonary bypass. The general status of patient declined with accompanying signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure within the first six postoperative hours. Also, liver enzyme levels were elevated and renal functions deteriorated. A biochemical profile revealed serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) 832 mU/dl, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) 789 mU/dl, serum urea 65 mg/dl, and creatinine 2.1 mg/dl. Echocardiography showed severe right ventricular dysfunction and mild pulmonary insufficiency. As well as the supravalvular gradient was 80 mmHg, there was no transvalvular pressure gradient. Since supravalvular PAS was the suspected cause of the clinical instability of the patient, an urgent surgery was planned. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE A median sternotomy was used for the surgical procedure. Pump was not used to avoid the possible adverse consequences of cardiopulmonary bypass in this patient with a poor general status and impaired renal and liver functions. Firstly, an incision line on the stenotic supravalvular pulmonary artery segment was drawn. Then the dimensions of the graft to be placed were determined visually and the graft was prepared. The oval-shaped graft was sutured on the target stenotic pulmonary artery segment using 6/0 polypropylene sutures. During this procedure, special emphasis was placed on two issues: 1. Other than the proximal edge of the graft (the right ventricular side) all other edges were sutured using continuous sutures. However, no knots were tied and both ends of the suture were left free. 2. During the placing of the grafts, a space was created to form a convex structure in-between the anterior surface of the pulmonary artery. Then, a small linear incision on the pulmonary artery was made distally on the pulmonary artery using a scalpel inserted from the proximal opening of the graft. Simultaneous pressure on the incision site was exerted digitally to prevent bleeding. The incision was propagated longitudinally using a Metzenbaum scissor. Upon exposure of the pulmonary artery, the convex structure disappeared spontaneously by eliminating the distance between the graft and the anterior surface of the pulmonary artery. Soon after the incision was made in the distal direction on the pulmonary artery according to a pre-determined length, the sutures on the proximal surface of the graft were stretched as to fix the graft on the pulmonary artery. At the end of the procedure, while a moderate level of tension was maintained on the sutures manually, the proximal end of the graft was closed using continuous sutures. Thus, at the end of the procedure the desired pulmonary artery diameter was achieved. No hemodynamic instability was observed during the procedure. Intraoperative echocardiography showed no residual gradients on the pulmonary artery. The patient was extubated at postoperative 12th hour. A quick clinical improvement of right-sided heart failure was observed during the follow-up along with restoration of normal liver enzyme levels within 48 hours and normal renal functions within one week after surgery. The patient was discharged at postoperative 8th day. Follow-up examination at 1 year after surgery showed a good general status with weight gain. No gradient was detected at the pulmonary artery by echocardiography. DISCUSSION: PAS may be congenital or acquired. Acquired pulmonary artery stenosis is generally a complication of the surgical procedures performed for the repair of complex congenital cardiac malformations (1). For instance, in patients such as ours with ALCAPA, supravalvular PAS may develop following surgery (2). In certain circumstances, both congenital and acquired types of pulmonary artery stenosis may pose significant surgical challenges. Particularly, the presence of clinical instability may severely limit the therapeutic options in newborns. Treatment options for critical PAS include stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, and surgery. In recent years, despite significant advances in the technology of stent and balloon production, surgical repair remains an important therapeutic option. The success rates with balloon dilatation in these patients are limited (3). On the other hand, intravascular stents are associated with the formation of re-stenosis in the long term due to somatic growth (4). Thus, surgical repair stands out as an important alternative to both other approaches in pulmonary stenosis. We didn’t prefer catheterization because of early period after surgery and impaired kidney function. The current surgical methods for the reconstruction of the PAS may be associated with untoward consequences due to the need for cardiopulmonary bypass. Therefore, in order to avoid possible adverse effects of cardiopulmonary bypass, we developed a novel surgical technique to be used for the repair of supravalvular pulmonary artery stenosis without pump. The surgical technique utilized in this patient is simple and safe distinguishing itself from other techniques by negating the need for pump. Particularly, it seems suitable for selected, clinically unstable cases who may be adversely affected by cardiopulmonary bypass. In previously operated patients with supravalvular pulmonary artery stenosis, this technique may be safely applied without the increased risk of bleeding or thromboembolic events. However, larger patient populations are warranted to more firmly establish its safety. Nevertheless, we believe that this technique for the pulmonary artery reconstruction may provide significant increases in the diameter of the pulmonary artery in a beating heart with minimal morbidity and mortality. According to our knowledge, there have not been reported any off-pump technique for PAS in the English literature to date. In conclusion, this newly developed method of supravalvular PAS surgery is safe and long lasting. This surgical technique may be applied on patients not only who had an isolated supravalvular PAS but also who were previously operated, developed restenosis in early period and were under risk if pump was used without disrupting the hemodynamic stability.

Monday, August 19, 2019

In Organic We Trust by Kip Pastor Essay -- Organic Foods vs. Non-organi

Check your supermarket, there could be lies on your food, telling you that what you are eating is organic and cared for but most of it is not. The documentary In Organic We Trust by Kip Pastor focuses on organic foods, what they are, how they are grown, and what makes them â€Å"organic†. What he finds is shocking and relevant to society today in every way possible. Pastor proves this to the audience by using a strong form of logos throughout the documentary. He conveys it to those watching by using pathos to play on their heart strings, but lacks via ethos to win over the rest of the audience. A great job is done in this film of convincing the audience that Pastor is on their side and fighting for the health of America, even questioning what â€Å"organic† actually is. The first example is ethos, meant to describe ones character through morals, ethics and ideals. Pastor questions the ethics of the corporations and the government for its involvement in the ordeal but never answers the question to show ethos. These large corporations are questioned as to what their involvement in the â€Å"organic† industry is and the extant but never having got an answer, all Pastor is left with is to question their motives. Pastor had the same problem when it came to the government, he could only speculate as to why they were even involved with the â€Å"organic† industry if they were subcontracting everything out. He never got a straight answer, so it would be hard to determine whether the government was sincere in wanting to regulate â€Å"organic† food or just wanting a piece of the money pie â€Å"organic† is made up of. Pastor did attempt to track down both of these giants which show his credibility in wanting to get both sides of the story, but he was shu... ...g statistics about the public’s health and make the future seem bleak, â€Å"the lifespan is shortening for new American children† (Pastor) and â€Å" one in three children born after the year 2010 will develop type II diabetes† (Pastor). Pastor says that he is shocked by the impact and wants to break away from the cycle created. In his closing statements he convinces the audience to break away from the cycle away as well, by drawing on the seeds he planted with pathos, ethos, and logos. The film was well made and addressed all the issues of â€Å"organic† food and well informed the audience of what is occurring. Next time, an audience member goes to the supermarket to buy food they will probably remember what their children will look like in twenty years if they don’t take a more â€Å"organic† approach to their lives. Works Cited In Organic We Trust. Kip Pastor. 2012. DVD.

Love Loss And The Court Of King Claudius :: essays research papers

Love, Loss, and the Court of King Claudius   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare worked with the simplest of principals, writing at the mind’s own speed, using everything he read, but reworking it first, and depending upon characters for the defining trait or flaw. One theme which constantly emerges throughout Hamlet is the theme of love and loss, revealed by the characters of Hamlet, Laertes, and Ophelia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, is a young man subjected to much heart ache in the course of this play. His first loss being the suspicious death of Hamlet’s beloved and respected father, Hamlet Sr. Even Hamlet’s Uncle/Step-father, King Claudius, noted in speaking with young Hamlet that his mourning was serious. â€Å"’Tis sweet and commendable in your nature,† says Caludius of Hamlet’s behavior, â€Å". . .But to persevere in obstinate condolement is a course of impious stubbornness. ‘Tis unmanly grief. . .† (Act I, Scene II, lines 90-98). Hamlet was heartbroken at the loss of his father, which was reflected in his outlook on life. He regarded Denmark as a prison and spoke to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern of having bad dreams. Unfortunately Act I is not the only time where young Hamlet expresses pain from love and loss. Although he is cruel and unkind to Ophelia in their meetings of both Act III, Scenes I and II, he is only expressing the frustration that has built up inside of him toward all women, and directed it at Ophelia because she was available. Hamlet had not ceased to love her. He explains his true feelings for Ophelia upon arrival at her burial, completely shocked that his beloved maid has died, saying, â€Å"What is he whose grief bears such an emphasis, whose phase of sorrow conjures the wand’ring stars and makes them stand like wonder-wounded hearers? This is I,† (Act V, Scene I, lines 267-271). He then goes on to say he would do anything to prove his love, including be buried with her. Hamlet lost yet another person dear to him, his lover, fair Ophelia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hamlet is only one character in the play who experiences love and loss. Ophelia is another. In Act III, Scene IV, after the performance of The Mouse Trap and The Murder of Gonzago for the royal court, Hamlet mistakenly kills Polonius, the father of Ophelia and Laertes. Ophelia already believed she had lost the affections of her Hamlet due to their dialogue from Act III, Scenes I and II. She had sacrificed his love because her father and brother had ordered her to turn him away. And now, to learn that her respected father,

Sunday, August 18, 2019

The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Treating Depressio

In this assignment I will introduce my research project and examine some of the issues surrounding my topic, take an initial look at the research papers I have chosen for my literature review and consider the wider context that the research took place in. I have chosen to look into the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy(CBT) on treating depression in primary care. I am interested in this particular area of counselling as my impression is that it is currently the favoured form of counselling that is offered when people approach their GP for help. Currently the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom recommend CBT as the best talking therapy for treating a wide range of conditions (Barret, 2009). As part of the UK government’s Improving Access to Pyschological Therapies (IAPT) scheme there is an emphasis on using CBT to help(Barrett, 2009). As I am interested in pursuing a career in counselling I want to find out more about CBT to see if this is a career path I wish to follow. There seems to be a logic in training in a field of counselling with good employment prospects but I would only want to do this if I also believed in it’s effectiveness. Therefore I would like to see if CBT is the best therapy for the NHS to use to help people, specifically those with depression. I have chosen depression as focus as I am aware of how many people are affected by depression and think that it is important that the NHS provides the best kind of help to these people. Through my job as debt counsellor and experiences of volunteering for the Samaritans I have spoken to many people with depression and am curious about what is the best way to help them. I want to look at how CBT compares to other alternatives avail... ... It is worth adding that to only look at the situation from a cost perspective does not consider the human suffering angle. It could be argued that it would be immoral to withdraw the option of therapy from the elderly because there is no economic incentive. In practice, however, Hebble (2004) found that old people do not receive the same level of help as those of working age. Holman’s study will provide an interesting insight into whether therapy should be provided more to the elderly. Having looked at the world surrounding the IAPT scheme and introduced the specific studies we have concluded this part of the literature review. Having gained an understanding of the political and social issues that influence the research. The next paper will look into the research methods used and consider what effect these methods may have had on the outcome of the studies.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Mechanical Ventilation Options Of Dehumidification Engineering Essay

Mechanical airing is the usage of distributed and ducted air to and from centrally located fans in combination with heat recovery or humidification, chilling, heating or filtration. These types of systems are largely common used in infirmaries and private or commercial edifices where the lone manner to carry through liveable indoor air quality is by mechanical airing systems. In metropoliss with big sums of flat and office edifices with a batch of Windowss where the difference between indoor and outside temperature is truly high, mechanical airing will be necessary. During hot seasons ( Panama twelvemonth unit of ammunition ) these edifices, and particularly edifices with â€Å" modern Architecture † in which most of the facade country tends to be wholly glazed, experiment overheating. To accomplish equal indoor temperatures it is necessary to pull out the warm air from the inside before supplying cooled air to the inside. This type of system sometimes besides filters pollutants in the air. As these systems modify the entrance air supply, they are generically called A/C units. Waste heat recovery from edifices can besides be accomplished by A/C. When waste heat is recovered, the consumption air will be conducted through a portion of the heat money changer that was antecedently being directed to the ambiance. The cured heat can be used to heat the air when needed or for other intents such as hot H2O proviso. The A/C systems and mechanical airing have an attached cost of energy which is necessary to run the fans, and this sum increases as the measure of filters additions in the edifice and makes it more hard to present the air in the inside. Recycling heat from these machines can cut down energy measures, but the bulk of the clip the usage of A/C and mechanical airing comes with an elevated cost at the beginning, every bit good as throughout care and running. In order to non hold bacterial jobs in the procedure, changeless care should be applied ( Tomczyk 1995, p14 ) . Stanley Mumma, Ph.D. , P.E. , 2001 performed research on the different combinations of the design of out-of-door air, which will now be briefly explained ( Mumma 2001, p28-30 ) . In tropical climes where the sum of wet in the air is the most of import factor to take into consideration when planing the system to chill the edifice, dehumidification can be possible by using either chilling spirals or active drying agents ( liquid or solid ) . Regularly active drying agents are a good option when the DPT is less than 4A °C, and chilling spirals are a better option when the DPT is more than 4A °C. With a good choice and supported deep chilled H2O, competent for accomplishing a DPT of 7A °C seems to be the best option. The spiral competency can be inflected to equilibrate the transeunt burden conditions. Besides, off-peak A/C, which works with H2O thermic sedimentation or ice, can be used. In Configuration 2 ( see figure 10 ) , for the stipulation of the outside air in front of the chilling spiral an heat content wheel which dehumidifies and cools the outside air is used, diminishing the burden on the chilling spiral. In climes where heating for winter is needed, the heat content wheel can be applied to moisturize and heat the out-of-door air, acquiring rid of the demand for a humidifier. To avoid frost creative activity on the wheel preheating is needed. The warming spiral and the runaround heat recovery coils carry through the same as in Configuration 1. Configuration 3 is about the same as Configuration 2, but with the runaround spirals superseded by a reasonable heat recovery wheel for warm up. In Configuration 2 the reasonable wheel wholly avoids the necessity for the warming spiral. The best combination for dedicated out-of-door air systems is supposed to uncouple the indoor reasonable and latent tonss, as made possible in Configuration 3. Figure 10: Dedicated outdoor air system. The chief collectors of condensation in an A/C are the spirals. When there are major sums of humidness in the air, the spirals are traveling to absorb more H2O, which in the long tally means that the A/C is traveling to run for longer periods. The RH does n't hold any input in the thermoregulator of an A/C, but it has an input in the sum of power to chill the edifice, which affects the thermoregulator by puting it at a unvarying graduated table for longer timeframes. To obtain an indoor degree of humidness around 60 % in hot-humid climes, auxiliary dehumidification must be provided. The bulk of machines in this type of clime addition the sum of humidness by 5 % to 10 % , which happens because the A/C does n't run at full power ( Christensen, Fang & A ; Winkler 2011, p4.7 ) . Xia Fang, Winkler and Christensen in their reaserch for the National Renewable Laboratory 2011 tried out a properly sized 2-ton ( 7-kW ) A/C unit with reasonable heat ratio of 0.8 with different dehumidifier options: ( 1 ) thermoregulator reset, ( 2 ) A/C with energy recovery ventilator ( ERV ) , ( 3 ) heat money changer ( hx ) -assisted A/C, ( 4 ) A/C with capacitor reheat, ( 5 ) A/C with desiccant wheel dehumidifier, ( 6 ) A/C with high-efficiency DX dehumidifier, and ( 7 ) A/C with standard-efficiency DX dehumidifier. In option ( 1 ) the sum of comparative humidness over 60 % caused the overcooling of the infinite by the A/C by 3A °C, which augmented its runtime and tend to overcool the inside, accordingly simplifying conveying the outside RH to the inside due to the high difference between outside and indoor temperatures. On the other manus, option ( 2 ) at part-load conditions was non able to command the humidness entirely. In option ( 4 ) the system was unable to run into the interior humidness and established chilling temperature at the same clip. As in option ( 1 ) the overcooling of the infinite during dehumidification presented the same job and a big sum of A/C energy could be necessary. In option ( 5 ) the desiccant wheel with heat rejected by the capacitor is regenerated with a drying agent dehumidifier ( see figure 11 ) , dividing the regenerative airstream from the supply airstream. The machine reduces de A/C run clip and provides dry and cool air to the indoors with a wet remotion rate of 120 pints/day ( 56.8 L/day ) . Figure 11: Desiccant wheel dehumidifier. Incorporated machines for humidness control in options ( 4 ) through ( 7 ) increase the sum of energy ingestion of the edifice. RH set points of 50 % make the sum of energy needed higher comparative to 60 % . Similarly, RH programmed at 50 % increases the tally clip for the A/C and the dehumidifier relation to RH programmed at 60 % , with the exclusion of option ( 5 ) for the A/C with desiccant wheel dehumidifier. Within all the engineerings for active dehumidification, option ( 5 ) ( A/C with desiccant wheel dehumidifier ) is the lone that decreases the run clip of the A/C. The A/C burden is partly compensate pending dehumidifier operation due the desiccant wheel dehumidifier provide cool air.2.6 Cooling burden and its importance in hot-humid conditionss.The heat generated by people, visible radiations and equipment and the heat transferred across a room envelope ( floor, door, Windowss ) make up the entire edifice chilling burden ( see figure 12 ) . External burden is the transportation of heat that comes indoors trough the envelope, while the internal burden is all the remainder. The conditions, constructing type, and design vary the sum of external and internal tonss. Latent tonss ( which affect the wet content ) and reasonable tonss ( which affect the dry bulb temperature ) together make the entire chilling burden temperature. Edifications should be classified as internally or externally loaded. In internally-loaded sophistications the heat addition from residents, contraptions, and visible radiations represents the chilling burden. In most of the instances edifices remain without alterations to the heat coevals from the internal heat beginnings, and, because the internal heat beginnings are greater compared to the heat transportation from the ever-changing milieus, the chilling burden of an internally-loaded sophistication remains about unvarying. In externally-loaded sophistications the heat transportation between the indoors and the precincts compose the chilling burden. In externally loaded edifices the chilling burden varies widely because the out-of-door temperature varies all the clip ( ASHRAE 2011, p87 ) . Figure 12: Beginnings of Cooling Load. The chilling burden extremum depends on the clip of twenty-four hours and out-of-door temperatures. Cooling burden alterations well throughout the twenty-four hours because of the Sun ‘s radiation, which makes it of import to take into consideration the unsure province procedure for ciphering the chilling burden. Not taking the internal beginnings into consideration for the chilling loads computation would non let accomplishment of the needed interior temperature. Therefore, it is really complicated to cipher the chilling burden exactly. The heat that a organic structure absorbs and elevates its temperature without the organic structure experimenting a alteration in its physical province is called reasonable heat. Radiation, convection, and conductivity are the three ways that heat addition can be added to the learned infinite. The measure of reasonable heat addition at a given clip is non the same as the chilling burden at the same minute, due to the heat stored in the sophistication envelope. Merely heat by convection can turn into chilling burden right off. Reasonable heat burden is composed of: outdoor-air infiltration ; heat from residents, visible radiations, and contraptions ; solar additions trough glass ; airing air ; and heat coming in trough ceiling and walls. Latent heat burden is the sum of wet added to the indoor infinite from internal vapour beginnings like residents or equipment, or from out-of-door air in footings of infiltration or airing to guarantee appropriate indoor air quality. Latent heat burden is made up of occupant motion and out-of-door wet from airing and infiltration. It is possible to boil a certain sum of liquid into indoor air of a room or intake a certain sum of H2O with a dehumidifier without altering the room air temperature. However, the vaporization of H2O into the indoor air infinite adds the latent heat of vaporization of the H2O to the entire heat in the air ( Dorsi & A ; Krieger 2004, p70 ) The room air does non instantly absorb the measure of heat emitted from people, solar radiation, equipment, etc. ( see figure 12 ) . Alternatively, indoor air ab initio absorbs merely a little sum. The bulk of heat from illuming and Sun is soaked up by surfaces in the inside, such as furniture and floors. Depending on the particular belongingss of the stuffs, the heat addition has a decrement component and a clip hold. As a consequence, this heat will be present or felt by the residents even good after the beginning of heat addition is gone.2.8 Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems ( DOAS )When it comes to amount and energy cost of air conditioning in hot-humid climes, one of the chief grounds of expensive monthly energy measures is that air conditioning is non designed to cover with the big sum of humidness in the air ( latent burden ) which is between 70 % and 100 % . With this sum of RH people feel a higher temperature and hence instantly take down the temperature of the thermoregulator, the bulk of times to between 16 and 18 grades Celsius. The attack by and large being taken today is to divide the conditioning of out-of-door air and the handling of the entire latent burden from residuary reasonable chilling ( or warming ) . Such systems are by and large described as dedicated outdoor air being used to cut down the associated energy cost. The residuary reasonable burden on the infinite can be handled by a assortment of methods, by and large hydronic in nature – fan spiral units, beaming panels, chilled beams, for illustration. DOAS or dedicated out-of-door system is a warming, airing and air conditioning system that on a regular basis uses two systems at the same clip: one to cover with the reasonable tonss and another one to manage the latent tonss. Regular warming, airing and air conditioning systems, taking attention of more than one country, nowadays in some instances microbic jobs and limited thermic comfort. The chief intent of DOAS is to accomplish dedicated airing alternatively of airing as one portion of air conditioning. The out-of-door air system will take attention of the latent burden and one portion of the reasonable burden, and another system at the same clip will take attention of the reasonable burden depending on the climes and the machine employed besides DOAS do non use recirculated air, so micro bacterial job through the air wo n't happen ( Stanley Mumma and Shank 2011, p28-30 ) . Research made by ASHRAE to happen out the best combination of air conditioning that can cover with the humidness in hot-humid climes in order to cut down the energy ingestion, shows that the dedicated air systems working together with reasonable chilling in the terminal units produces the best solution taking into consideration the followers: Employ energy recovery in learned out-of-door air to manage the indoor latent burden and some of the reasonable burden. For good air distribution airing, the airing should non be working together with the indoor conditioning machines. Achieve the treating of the reasonable tonss with a parallel system. Join together the energy conveyance and fire suppression. Stanly A. Mumma, Ph.D. , Pe. made a research on the economic net income of different ceiling radiant chilling panels. The three hydronic systems analyzed are: the radiant panel web, the dedicated outdoor air system chilling spiral, and the fire suppression web. The research came to the decision that it is possible to use the ceiling radiant chilling panels with the dedicated out-of-door systems. The DOAS is indispensable to cover with one hundred per centum of the indoor latent tonss and, hence, the room dew-point temperatures. When the dew-point temperature is controlled below the temperature of the panel surface the condensation on the chilling panel is non an issue ( Mumma 2003, p627-635 ) . Simmons ( 1997, p659-666 ) arbitrated the nest eggs of the ceiling radiant chilling panels systems as follows: 15 % less concluding cost of installing. Reduced fan powers and smaller, more efficient hair-raisers make possible long-run nest eggs. Less care cost because there are no filters and minimal moving parts. Balancing and proving are cheaper and less hard to recognize. The CRCP have an advantage in room infinite, because the ductwork that normally provides all the indoor room with reasonable chilling burden with 13A °C is non needed. When used in new edifices the proprietor can avoid the disbursal by take downing floor highs of the edifice or adding one narrative for every five narratives in relation to regular buildings. The relation between classical air conditioning and dedicated outdoor air system beaming panel is: it consumes about 29 % of the classical conditioning because of a really small SA and RA sum ; it reduces the chilling spiral 7.6 % yearly ; the energy ingestion is 20 five per centum less because of the decrease of the hair-raiser with the energy recovery can salvage up to forty two per centum of the one-year sum energy ingestion in relation to conventional all air VAV. All described above shows the specific merchandise of the DOAS, but is adequate to show the capacities on cut downing the sum of energy ingestion by the DOAS in combination with the beaming panel chilling system. It is shown that this combination of air conditioning consumes more pumping power in relation to traditional air conditioning because it is required to accomplish the circulation through the beaming panels. However, the lessening of energy ingestion in fan and hair-raiser which comes from the energy recovery is more of import than the addition in the power for pumping ( Mumma Stanley 2011, p635 ) ,3. Building demands3.1 Quality of the AirIn a conference of the United States Department of Health and Human Services in 2009 it was reported that in 20 five per centum of the unwellnesss worldwide that can be prevented, the chief cause is hapless environmental quality of the air, and that taint is besides one of the grounds for 50 thousand premature deceases. The bad quality of ai r inside edifices is the chief cause of these jobs. The chief causes for bad indoor air abode quality are: Average building and design. Bad status of the air conditioning or heating systems, Sustainable design in edifices ( insularity and enclosure ) , The usage of man-made coating, stuffs and chattels. As mentioned in chapter two, minimising the filtrations and isolation in the skeleton of the edifice is of import because this blocks the temperature to accomplish better indoor temperatures and temperature loss, and besides avoid H2O leaks and command the humidness to guarantee a proper circulation of the air and avoids dead musca volitanss which are the causes of cast, elevated allergens, and big sums of interior wet from uncontrolled humidness and H2O leaks. The sum of contaminated indoor air in a residential edifice is about two to 100 times more than the 1s out-of-doorss in publications made by the United states section of wellness and homo services 2009. Building contraptions, stuffs, furniture and cleansing merchandises are one of the most common contaminations. Well stray edifice building and air tight sealing have at the same clip a job because they tend to barricade fresh air coming indoors. Sometimes they besides promote noxious and unacceptable olfactory properties. Buildings designed with a snug construction in order to continue energy losingss are inclined to show more jobs in the air quality than edifices with a light skeleton ( sometimes called leaky edifices ) , which the sum of contaminated indoor air does n't travel out of the edifice. Besides, filtration in edifices makes it impossible to command and mensurate the air that goes to the interior through different gaps. The solution to better the air quality is to diminish the beginning of pollution and increase airing. There is no difference between air quality in places and residential edifices but, however, people populating in residential edifices can non do utmost alterations in airing that people populating in a individual household place can. However, there are different ways to do alterations, like clear the beginning of natural air or usage Windowss to guarantee the entryway of fresh air. Old edifices that have had preservation belongingss or contraptions good installed and efficient places can accomplish good criterion air quality, because a batch of contaminations are blocked from traveling inside the edifice and the 1s that go indoors subsequently can be removed with the dedicated out-of-door air systems ( DOAS ) described in the old chapter. Buildings with these features soak out the high degrees of wet and their skeleton ensures that contaminated air does non travel indoors. Low breathing stuffs and furniture are besides employed to guarantee a proper degree of pollutants. In humid climes, the occupants ‘ most common wont to cut down the cost of energy ingestion is to turn the air conditioning off during weekends and at dark. This pattern is normally the chief factor in the creative activity of wet in these types of climes. Infiltration will take a big sum of out-of-door humidness that will acquire soaked by flat stuffs and constituents when the air conditioning is turned off. In add-on, little degrees of chilling tonss do non let the machine to run at appropriate velocity to be able to soak out the air humidness every bit good as the humidness soaked by the edifice constituents. High degrees of condensation and wet concentration will put on debatable countries if the dry bulb temperature during working clip is sufficient. Degrees of around 70 per centum of comparative humidness can do mold growing inside a edifice in 24 to 48 hours ( United States Environmental Protection Agency 2010 ) . Rather than the indoor air temperature, surface temperatures inside the edifice are in close relationship with mold growing, but these two temperatures are wall to palisade in relation. Mold causes immense injury to the indoor air quality and besides to the edifice ‘s lastingness ; hence, it should be closely monitored. When it comes to footings of air conditioning, means that the edifice does non hold natural airing or a connexion with outside air, hence all its constituents should work independently from the outside temperature and clime, with the exclusion of the machine employed, and when a room needs natural airing, consideration should be taken to guarantee no losingss in efficiency. In hot humid climates the figure of people busying the indoor infinite sets the guideline as to the sum of airing required to guarantee a proper air-conditioned inside. In large suites such as life suites or dining suites, merely fresh air with disposal or remotion would be required, and in other instances the recirculation of air would be an option when there is a low sum of residents and merely a small fresh air is indispensable. Electro inactive precipitation filters are in most instances the most efficient 1s which are inexpensive to run and really good in taking away all types of air solid drosss but are a small spot expensive in initial cost. These types of filters are the lone option to filtrate the air in industrial procedures. Other filter options are fabric, syrupy and street arab.3.2 Comfort zoneThe indoor temperature of a edifice is profoundly affected by local clime. Solar incursion through Windowss and solar heat gained through the edifice skeleton heat the edifice all twenty-four hours long. To accomplish an indoor liveable temperature it is necessary to take down the interior temperature in relation with the out-of-door one by using inactive methods, air conditioning or a combination of both. When it comes to soothe by the temperature in a edifice, the indoor air temperature is non the most of import point to take into consideration, alternatively the local physical and climatic elements should be taken as a focal point. Inside the edifice the heat exchange by the tegument of its residents is of singular value due to chill and warm countries and the Sun radiation exposure. Humidity and air motion besides affect indoor thermic comfort in hot-humid conditionss, because the difference in temperature from outside in relation with the interior varies a batch. Normally when outside temperature is 30 six grades Celsius people tend to plan air conditioned thermoregulator around 17 grades, which is a large daze at the minute person enters or goes out of an air-conditioned edifice. Human existences come ining a learned infinite coming from a wholly different outside ambient will happen the indoor 1s really uncomfortable for about one hr ( Dorsi & A ; Krigger 2004, p48 ) . Humidity control is the chief challenge to accomplish a comfort zone in tropical humid climes, when 50 per centum comparative humidness is the end. Levels normally change in little sums which do non let the systems or machines to take a breath. This was a job before because people avoided the usage of mechanical airing to cut down the sum of wet due to the expensive cost, doing it about impossible to accomplish an indoor comfort zone. This is possible now to accomplish with mechanical airing as mentioned in old chapters without holding excess costs. Physical environment is the get downing point of the comfort zone in a edifice, which is straight structured by: visible radiation, noise, temperature, humidness and odor. In this thesis humidness is traveling to be studied farther, because of the importance in hot-humid conditions states like Panama. Residents in office edifices are more productive in their work when the atmosphere temperature is comfy. Accidents occur more when the indoor temperature goes outside the scope of 16 to twenty four grades Celsius. Nevertheless, humidness is closely linked with temperature when it comes to soothe zones. Normally it is misunderstood that the air impacting comfort is the 1 scaled by humidness metres and thermometers ; alternatively, it is the air that gets in contact with residents teguments. This air will lift and be substituted with other air as it is warmed by the heat in people ‘s tegument heat. A manner to do the chilling of the organic structure and vaporization of sudating more efficient is by traveling off the air rapidly by natural zephyr or fans, because the addition in vapour of sweat, increases the uncomfortableness. Recommended indoor air temperature ( OSHA ) should be maintained at 20 to twenty four point five, with a comparative humidness from 20 to sixty per centum and a dew point temperature from minus four until 15 grades Celsius. At low degrees of dew point about 10 grades Celsius, working together with decreased indoor temperatures, the organic structure needs minor chilling. Low degrees of dew point work truly good together with elevated temperatures, merely as outstanding low humidness of the air ( see table 7 ) licenses effectual chilling. Table 7: Relation between dew point, humidness in the human comfort. Temperature is easier to experience by worlds than the sum of humidness in the air, hence people inside a edifice bash non be given to comprehend unwanted degrees of humidness from a temperature criterion. In hot-humid climes the basic response to high degrees of wet inside a room is to take down the thermoregulator of the air conditioning, which increases the sum of energy and makes more likely the overcooling and cast growing because of wet canals. The sum of Co2 concentration besides has an of import focal point point in a room, which depends on the undermentioned factors: measure of residents, volume of the room, activities of the residents, sum of clip people are inside the room, and the sum of fresh air traveling to the inside. This is more likely to go a job in office edifices, mills and infirmaries, but for abodes where the sum of residents and countries are really low this is non a large issue.2.2.4 Integrating Advance Humidity Control to Reduce Energy UseThe National Center for Energy Management and Building Technologies ( NCEMBT ) did a study about incorporating advanced humidness controls to accomplish nest eggs in the energy measures, where eleven different system combinations where studied ( see figure 25 ) . ( Harriman, Plager & A ; Kosar DR 1997, p15-25 ) Figure 13: 11 Combination of systems for enhance dehumidification. All systems presented in figure 25 to carry through the existent heat content decrease in the process, use the conventional DX chilling spiral. The impact of chilling and at the same clip utilizing elements to alter the spiral capacity from reasonable burden to latent burden, consequence in diminishing the reasonable heat ratio of the system. As the systems that utilize desiccant dehumidifiers downstream alternatively of upstream chilling spirals, needed child system capacity and less sum of energy, merely three of the systems showed above were taken for farther surveies: figure five, six and eleven without optional energy money changer. As the focal point point of the probe was assorted and individual way air systems, DOAS and double systems ( three, seven and eight ) were non taken into consideration. Combination figure five ( HX-DX ) utilizes a reasonable heat money changer rounding the chilling spiral, which in order to take down the temperature of the air coming indoors, utilizes the air traveling out of the chilling spiral as a heat sink, doing it possible to take down the setup dew point, hence cut downing the reasonable heat wireless. Apparatus dew point represents the release degree of humidness from a system. It shows if a machine without lift in the air flow needed to accomplish the reasonable burden can run into the latent burden. Combination figure six ( DD-DX ) had similar consequences but using an heat content money changer, due to the latent and reasonable energy money changers, before traveling inside the chilling spiral, the humidness of the air traveling interior is soaked out every bit good. This excess dehumidification decreases the setup dew point in comparing with combination figure five. Combination figure eleven ( DX-DD ) decreases the dew point ( DP ) of the air in the chilling spiral to accomplish even less apparatus dew point and reasonable heat wireless by using a desiccant dehumidifier. In comparing with the other combinations, its reasonable heat ratio does non cut down with airflow velocity. The desiccant dehumidifier in this system can convey out a dew point near zero grades Celsius and decreases or avoids the congealing of the chilling spiral, which in a traditional DX system happens. The drying agent besides has a disability change overing the latent burden or wet into reasonable heat, which is liberated into the provided air. Traditional machinery with a DX spiral managed by a thermoregulator is non capable of bring forthing the little sum of reasonable heat wireless which is indispensable in hot-humid climes to accomplish the humidness loaded aerating tonss. In tropical climes where the usage of specialised and intense humidness controls is needed, this combination of enhanced humidification works with a lower sum of energy power. Lowering energy public presentation even more is possible by utilizing double way DX machines in combination with dedicated out-of-door air systems ( studied in chapter 2.1.8 ) , conditioning twosome with a degage DX spiral for residuary chiefly reasonable ratio chilling and residuary one.2.2.5 FunctionalityHigh humidness degrees in tropical climes make it about impossible to accomplish a good quality of indoor air in a room ; air conditioning the bulk of the clip merely cools the outside air but does non take attention of commanding humidness. The systems employed to cut down the degree of humidness in the air should non increase the sum of energy ingestion, because people would non desire to use these machines, even though the quality of the air it is non the appropriate 1. Bad planning in the airing of a room even with new machines and mechanisms before residents move in, consequences in a bad quality indoor air which does n't suit the criterion demands for the residents ‘ wellness and besides amendss the construction of the edifice. From the get downing the predesigned ends should be taken earnestly in sing the planning, to accomplish besides good degrees of energy ingestion. Before an old edifice is adapted into usage, all the airing elements should be checked in all locations to avoid any future jobs, which subsequently on would be hard and really expensive to rectify. Afterwards when the edifice is occupied it must acquire care frequently to look into the operation of the airing systems by supervising degrees of the temperature and quality of the interior air and the air watercourse in every room. Ventilation ducts besides have to be cleaned frequently ( Christensen, Fang & A ; Winkler 2011, p67 ) . The alterations in edifice demands such as insularity in walls, roof and edifice skeleton, Windowss, contraptions and illuming have made a important alteration by diminishing the heat tonss of interior suites and accordingly the necessities for reasonable chilling. On the other manus, the elements which impact the latent burden or humidness, like airing demands and residents stay the same. Buildings that meet these demands the bulk of the clip need systems to work on the latent burden alternatively of on the reasonable burden. Bad control in the humidness is linked many times to the inability of traditional air conditioning to pull off the wet loads. The more the efficiency in modern air conditioning, the less its capableness in wet remotion. Air conditioning does the cooling, it reduces the temperature of the air or reasonable chilling and at the same clip lowers the humidness in the air or latent chilling by distilling a per centum of the concentration of H2O in the air. A manner to mensurate the degree of effectivity of a system to get by with wet remotion is by the reasonable heat ratio, which is the entire chilling capacity of reasonable and latent burden. Lowering the reasonable heat ratio increases the capacity of dehumidification or chilling capacity ( Christensen, Fang & A ; Winkler 2011, p88 ) . Traditional air conditioning systems normally deal with the reasonable burden before the latent burden, therefore the indoor infinite degree of wet goes up from the one wanted, which is about 50 to sixty five per centum, doing the proliferation of bacteriums and mold growing. The best manner to accomplish good airing and air conditioning systems in hot-humid climes, is by utilizing the edifice and machines as designed and doing possible the comparative humidness to modulate when the designed infinite status is accomplished. Making possible the air conditioning to cover with the latent and reasonable burden individually consequences in doing it possible to cut down the sum of energy ingestion.4. Simulation in TRNSYS4.1Building description and activity agendasThe office room is confronting north/south ( 29m broad, 29m long ) with a individual glaze window covering the full frontage South. It has 841m2 of country and 3.70m of tallness. As an office, it has machines, computing machines and unreal visible radiations chiefly during working hours. Material used for walls on the life room, U-values and conduction are described in table 8 and 9. Building building Detail External wall Best common wall Shocking Concrete slab, isolation ( back and direct boundary ) Window Scorch glazing Roofing Plastboard, fire glass comforter, roof deck Table 8: Building stuff specification Type U-values ( conductivity ) U-Value ( overall ) ( W/w2K ) Floor 2.567 1.787 Roof 1.785 1.369 Window 0.855 5.8 External wall 66.667 5.405 Table 9: U-values of block walls No. Description Type Power ( kJ/hr ) Measure 1 Personal computer with proctor 1.440 10 2 Artificial lighting Fluorescent 129.6 93 Table 10: Machines, illuming and computing machines used in the office Occupancy agenda was estimated during 24 hours 7 yearss a hebdomad.4.2 Description of the cooling-dehumidifier systemSome trial were made utilizing conventional air conditioning system dwelling on: fans, heat pump, soaking up hair-raisers and dehumidifier chilling spiral, but high sums of energy usage were found, due to the chilling spiral has to cover with high degrees of humidness and at the same clip accomplish temperature needed. Sometimes by altering the sums of indoor H2O temperature and flow rate of H2O, the comparative humidness was achieve by 50 % but the supply air temperature was below the criterions. A new system was employ using the theoretical account of a dedicated outdoor air system ( Mumma 2001 ) . An heat content and a reasonable wheel were employed to accomplish 2 points of transportation of energy between supply and exhaust air coming in frontal waies ( see figure 14 ) . On the Enthalpy wheel ( effectivity of 80 per centum ) exchange of reasonable and latent burden energy occurs, by the transportation of heat and humidness between the supply and exhaust air. Figure 14: System of managing air with heat content and reasonable wheel. As mentioned above the system decrease the chilling demand of the chilling spiral, by cut downing the degrees of humidness and temperature before it goes inside the chilling spiral. Cooling spirals was designed to take more the degree of humidness at 13 grades Celsius dew point. After the supply air was treated by the chilling spiral it goes inside a reasonable wheel with 70 per centum effectivity where it temperature goes down at around 20 one degrees Celsius dry bulb by soaking up the hot from the exhaust air. This exhaust air decreases its temperature in the reasonable wheel and when it goes back to the heat content wheel ( see figure 14 ) aid to chill the fresh air coming in to the inside.4.4 Room simulation and consequencesOne simulation was made in November ( see table 11 ) , which is one of the months with highest degrees of humidness due to the start of the rainy season, to mensurate the dry bulb and moisture bulb temperature come ining and traveling out from one constituent to a the following 1. Taking as an mean outside dry bulb temperature of 29 and outside air wet bulb temperature of 24 grades Celsius. Estimating the system would be working for 720 hours and uses 10,000 cfm. Table11: Inlet temperatures of different constituents of the system. After the system was modeled all twelvemonth to cipher the sum of energy usage by each constituent of the system ( see table 12 ) . Table 12: Annual energy ingestion by constituent ( 8760 hours ) . The exhaust air is estimated to be 90 per centum of the supply air and the supply air achieved was about 22 grades Celsius and 55 % comparative humidness. By a usage of 8 hours a twenty-four hours Monday to Friday generates a monthly energy usage of 2544 kWh. Panamas mean cost per kWh is.20 cents of Dollar.DecisionDue to the roar in its building sector in 2008 and its turning economic system, international imperativeness started naming Panama as the â€Å" new Dubai of the Americas. † ( the economic expert 2011 ) Although this fast development has shaped Panama ‘s beautiful skyline, it did non include much green building. Consequently, sustainable edifice design is greatly needed in Panama City, where important energy is consumed by residential and commercial edifices, the bulk of which are air-conditioned 24/7 and use floor-to-ceiling individual glass Windowss. Human comfort is straight related to temperature and humidness degrees. Peoples inside a edifice tend to be more comfy when air is dryer and marginally warmer than when the air is cooler and humid. Increased humidness leads people to take down their thermoregulators because moist air gives the esthesis of a heater ambiance. This thesis showed the tight relationship between temperature and dew point temperature, which must be considered when planing air conditioning systems for hot-humid climes. To better air conditioning systems, applied scientists should understand the factors that affect indoor temperature. In these climes, the big difference between outside air temperatures ( ~37A °C ) and thermostat-controlled interior temperatures ( ~16A °C ) -a alteration of ~21A °C-shapes urban air-conditioning design. Promenades, offices, eating houses and places must use electricity to bridge this spread in temperature, which besides affects the wellness of edifice residents and filtration of incoming air. Changeless alterations in temperature as people go between indoor and out-of-door environments may bring on sweat due to high out-of-door humidness degrees, and may take to respiratory and pneumonic jobs. The difference between interior and outside temperatures critically affects both A/C burden and edifice construction. Although most systems are designed to accomplish higher indoor air force per unit area than a edifice ‘s surrounding environment, escape of out-of-door air into conditioned suites can be greatly affect indoor humidness. Unintended escape is normally due to opening and shutting of Windowss and leaks in the edifice construction, which may take to badly draughty insides. Structure filtration can be reduced through excess attention during the building and usage of such building stuffs as double-glazed Windowss. Air-locks or air-tightness between A/C and non-A/C infinites is a good manner to diminish filtration through doors. Where temperature differences are little, vapor blockers may be utilized in outer walls. Parameters for simulations to happen an optimum system for a peculiar humidness degree and temperature ca n't be found in surveies of the specific metropolis sing energy usage, building stuffs, air conditioning types, and indoor air features by constructing type. A chilled H2O chilling spiral simulated with a dynamic mold tool ( TRNSYS 17 ) achieved coveted indoor criterions for humidness but delivers a degree of temperature below the criterions ( ~23A °C ) , increasing the energy usage by the chilling spiral so much. After a Dedicated outdoor air system was analyzed with Panama City clime conditions, accomplishing really good degrees of humidness and temperature criterions Ideally, criterions for high humidness control could be implemented in the Panamanian building and airing codifications, to make consciousness and execution of good indoor air quality.LITERATURE REFERENCESASHRAE: Handbook of Fundamentalss, Parsons, U.S.A 2011. Brandemuehl & A ; Khattar MJ. 2002. Separating the V in HVAC: A Dual-Path Approach. ASHRAE Journal 202 44 ( 5 ) : 37-42. BRIG, GEN and Abbot Henry. Problems of the Panama Canal including climatology. The Macmillan company. London.1907 Brundrett Geoff, Kittler Reinhold & A ; Harriman Lew: Humidity control design usher for commercial and institutional edifices, ASHRAE, U.S.A 2001. Dorsi Chris & A ; Krigger John: Residential energy, cost and comfort for bing edifices, Saturn, U.S.A 2004. Gowri K, Jarnagin R & A ; Winiarski D: Infiltration patterning guidelines for commercial edifice energy analysis. US section of energy.2009. Harriman Lew: The ASHRAE usher for edifices in hot and humid climes 2nd edition, ASHRAE, U.S.A 2009. Harriman LG, Plager D and Kosar DR. Dehumidification and Cooling Loads from Ventilation Air. ASHRAE Journal 39 ( 11 ) : 37-45, 1997. Henderson H.I & A ; Rudd A: Monitored indoor wet and temperature conditions in humid-climate US abodes. ASHRAE minutess 113 ( 1 ) : 435-49,2007. Kosar DR. Dehumidification System Enhancements. ASHRAE Journal 48 ( 2 ) : 48-58. 2006 National secretary of energy. Panama: www.energia.gob.pa Panama chamber of building: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.capac.org/web/Economica/LaInversionenelSectorConstruccion/tabid/104/Default.aspx Parker Mattew: Panama Fever, doubleday, New York 2008. Rosaler Robert & A ; Grimm Nils: HVAC systems and constituents enchiridion, McGraw, U.S.A 1997. Sherman, Max Howard. Thesis ( PH.D. ) — University OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, 1980. Simmonds P. Practical applications of radiant warming and chilling to keep comfort conditions. ASHRAE.U.S.A 1996. Simmonds, P. Radiant systems offer users greater comfort control. Energy Users News, vol. 34, March, pp. 34-35.1997 The economic expert print edition. July 14th. United states 2011 Tomczyk, John: Troubleshooting and Servicing Modern Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems. U.S.A 1995. Drew Jane & A ; Fry Maxwell: Tropical architecture in the dry and humid zones, Batsford Limited London 1964. Wolfgang Lauber, Tropical architecture. Munich 2005. www.panasonic.com.au Christensen Dane, Fang Xia & A ; Winkler John: Using energyplus to execute dehumidification anaylisis on edifice United States places, HVAC & A ; R Journal, June 2011. EPA Green Buildings Project. ( 2012 ) Retrieved September 15, 2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.epa.gov/oaintrnt/projects/ Mumma, Stanley: â€Å" Designing dedicated outdoor air system † ASHRAE U.S.A 2001.FIGURES REFERENCESFigure 1: Economist Intelligent Unit. Figure 2: hypertext transfer protocol: //fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama Figure 3: BRIG, GEN and Abbot Henry. Problems of the Panama Canal including climatology. The Macmillan company. London.1907 Figure 4: hypertext transfer protocol: //esarquitectura.wordpress.com/tag/arquitectura-canalera/ Figure 5: Cambefort y Boza designers. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cambefortyboza.com/cyb/ Figure 6: HOPSA Panama . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hopsa.com/ Figure 7: www.covintec.com Figure 8: www.covintec.com Figure 9: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.insidepma.com/ Figure 10: Mumma Stanley: Planing a dedicated outdoor air system, ASHRAE Journal 2011. Figure 11: Christensen Dane, Fang Xia & A ; Winkler John: Using energyplus to execute dehumidification anaylisis on edifice United States places, HVAC & A ; R Journal, June 2011. Figure 12: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mech.hku.hk/bse/MEBS6006/mebs6006_1112-04.htm Figure 13: Kosar Douglas: Integration Advance humidness control to cut down energy usage † . University of cardinal Florida 2007. Figure 14: Mumma Stanley: Energy Conservation Benefits of a dedicated Outdoor Air System with Parallel Sensible Cooling by Ceiling beaming Panels † . ASHRAE Journal 2003.DIAGRAMS REFERENCESDiagram 1: CAPAC: Panamanian chamber of building. www.capac.org Diagram 2: CAPAC: Panamanian chamber of building. www.capac.org Diagram 3: Meteonorm Software Diagram 4: Meteonorm Software Diagram 5: Meteonorm Software Diagram 6: Meteonorm Software and Transient simulation plan. TRNSYS 17.Tables MentionsTable 1: CAPAC: Panamanian chamber of building. www.capac.org Table 2: BRIG, GEN and Abbot Henry. Problems of the Panama Canal including climatology. The Macmillan company. London.1907 Table 3: Wolfgang Lauber, Tropical architecture. Munich 2005. Table 4: Marelisa Chanis de Pages. Table 5: National Secretary of energy. www.energia.gob.pa Table 6: National Secretary of energy. www.energia.gob.pa Table 7: Horstmeyer Steve: Relative Humidity, Relative to What? The Dew point Temperature a better attack † . Ohio, USA 2006 Table 8: Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17. Table 9: Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17. Table 10: Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17. Table 11: Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17 and personal computations. Table 12: Transeunt simulation plan. TRNSYS 17 and personal computations. Declaration of the Master ‘s Thesis I hereby affirm that the maestro thesis at manus is my ain written work and that I have used no other beginnings and AIDSs others than those indicated. ( Topographic point ) ___________ ( Date ) _________ ( Signature ) ___________________